冬小麦氨基酸品质与气候生态因子关系研究

选用南北方冬小麦品种作试验材料,通过地理分期播种试验,采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对冬小麦籽粒氨基酸品质等进行评价,利用典型相关和回归分析等方法分析冬小麦氨基酸品质与气候生态因子的相关程度,并选择相关性显著的气候生态因子构建冬小麦氨基酸含量预测模型。结果表明,各冬小麦氨基酸成分中,非必需氨基酸中的谷氨酸平均含量最高,必需氨基酸中的蛋氨酸平均含量最低;必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸环境适应性相对较强,而半必需氨基酸在进行优质育种时选择潜势较大;冬小麦氨基酸成分含量呈现出北方品种高于南方品种的区域分布特征,苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和甘氨酸含量地域性差异显著。氨基酸品质可由累计贡献率达97. 796%的3个主成分解释,其综合品质评价为固城郯麦98表现最优,泰安山农18表现较好,而荆州郑麦9023、宿州皖麦52、徐州徐麦33表现较差;聚类分析中类群排列与冬小麦氨基酸成分含量及其地域分布关系密切,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类依次为华北麦区郯麦98、黄淮北部麦区山农18、黄淮南部麦区皖麦52、黄淮南部麦区徐麦33和江淮麦区郑麦9023,与主成分分析中的综合评价排序有一致性;冬小麦氨基酸含量与气候生态因子相关密切,其中必需氨基酸含量与温湿条件相关最显著,大部分氨基酸成分均可以通过调节小气候环境或土壤湿度的方式提高其含量品质。

不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕肌肉中氨基酸品质主成分评价

目的研究不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕肌肉中氨基酸含量的差异及其品质评价。方法采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定墨瑞鳕处于鱼苗、成鱼和亲鱼等3种阶段时肌肉中氨基酸含量,并通过主成分分析对氨基酸品质进行评价。结果不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕肌肉及饲料均含有17种氨基酸,均以谷氨酸含量最高,胱氨酸含量最低,而且肌肉与饲料中氨基酸呈强正相关(r^(2)为0.98682~0.99919)。主成分分析显示墨瑞鳕肌肉中17种氨基酸可以降维成2种主成分,苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸是墨瑞鳕的主要特征氨基酸,构建的氨基酸品质主成分评价函数式为F=0.756Y_(1)+0.243Y_(2),运算结果为幼鱼的得分指最高(4.223),亲鱼次之(-1.854),成鱼最低(-2.369)。结论幼鱼阶段墨瑞鳕肌肉中氨基酸品质最优,亲鱼次之,就氨基酸而言,建议不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕饲料中氨基酸成分的配制以幼鱼及亲鱼饲料作为参考更有效。

长期化肥与有机物料配施对黄泥田水稻籽粒氨基酸及主要矿质元素含量的影响

【目的】研究长期配施有机物质对黄泥田水稻籽粒氨基酸品质及矿质元素含量的影响,为合理培肥及提升水稻籽粒品质提供施肥依据。【方法】采集第36年黄泥田长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+全量稻秸还田(NPKS)4种处理水稻籽粒,分析不同处理籽粒氨基酸与矿质营养元素含量。【结果】与CK相比,施肥处理的水稻籽粒总氨基酸含量增幅13.8%~22.8%,NPKM与NPKS处理较NPK处理分别提高8.0%和7.0%,差异均显著(P<0.05)。施肥处理的籽粒全氮含量较CK增幅10.4%~19.2%,NPKS增加最为明显,差异均显著(P<0.05),NPKM与NPKS处理的籽粒全磷含量较CK分别提高33.1%和35.9%,差异均显著(P<0.05);施肥处理的籽粒钙、镁与硫含量分别较CK增幅3.2%~13.8%、5.2%~9.0%与8.6%~12.2%,其中钙含量以NPK处理增加最为明显,镁、硫含量以NPKM处理增加最为明显;除籽粒铁含量外,施肥处理的籽粒锰与锌含量分别增幅7.1%~31.1%与16.1%~19.4%,均以NPKM增加最为明显。土壤碱解氮含量对籽粒氨基酸含量贡献率达85.9%,土壤矿质元素含量对不同处理水稻籽粒氨基酸品质的影响大小总体表现为NPKM>NPKS>NPK>CK。【结论】与单施化肥相比,长期配施牛粪与秸秆还田提高了黄泥田水稻籽粒氨基酸品质与全氮、全磷、镁、硫矿质元素含量。施肥还提高了水稻籽粒微量营养元素锰、锌的含量,尤其是有机无机肥配施。黄泥田水稻籽粒全氮、锌矿质元素含量与土壤氮、锌矿质元素有效态含量呈一元二次函数回归关系。

Effect of Foliar Application of Amino Acid on the Quality and Enzyme Activity of Flowering Chinese Cabbage(Brassica parachinensis Bailey)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influences of foliar application of glycine,alanine,lysine,and glutamic acid in 200 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg upon the quality and enzyme activity of flowering Chinese cabbage（Brassica parachinensis Bailey）.The results showed that all the application of these four amino acids could increase the yield of flowering Chinese cabbage,significantly raise the content of soluble sugar,and reduce the accumulation of nitrate.The applications of three other amino acids except alanine can increase the content of soluble proteins and decrease the accumulation of oxalic acid.However,the application of amino acid has insignificant influences on the SPAD number of chlorophyll,and causes the decrease of Vitamin C content.Meanwhile,the application of amino acid can improve the activity of nitrate reductase（NR） and glutamate dehydrogenase（GDH） as well.It shows that the application of amino acid is beneficial to improve ammonia metabolism,reduce the accumulation of nitrate and oxalic acid,increase the content of soluble sugar and soluble proteins,and improve the quality of flowering Chinese cabbage.

Slaughter Performance, Muscle Quality and Nutritional Components of Twenty-four-month-old Tibetan Goats

[Objective] This study was conducted to understand goat germplasm char- acteristics. [Method] With some 24-month-old males and females Tibet goats as experimental materials, a slaughter experiment was carried out to determine their slaughter performance, muscle quality and muscle nutritional components. [Result] The body weights of males and females before slaughter were （20.16±1.26） and （19.33±4.86） kg, respectively; the dressing percentages of males and females were （43.86±1.74）% and （44.08±5.46）%, respectively; the meat percentages were （32.43± 1.52）% and （32.72±3.97）%, respectively; and the meat production rates of carcass were （73.28±0.09）% and （73.16±0.85）%, respectively. There were less differences in carcass measurements, carcass segmentation, muscle quality, muscle fiber charac- teristics, muscle nutritional components, muscle mineral contents and heavy metal contents between males and females, while eye muscle area and hind leg meat weight of males were significantly higher than those of females. In muscles of males and females, 18 amino acids were detected totally, EAA/TAA values were （39.23±0.24）% and （38.70±0.15）%, respectively, and EAA/NEAA values were （64.73± 0.65）% and （63.17±0.41）%, respectively. [Conclusion] This study lays a foundation for overall understanding of germplasm characteristics of Tibetan goats.

Slaughter Performance, Muscle Quality and Muscle Nutrients of Twelve-month-old Danba Goat

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the resource characteristics of Danba goat. [Method] Three male and three female goats of twelve-month-old Danba goat were selected to slaughter,and their slaughter performance, muscle qulity and mus- cle nutrients were determined. [Result] The pre-slaughter weights, dressing percent- ages, meat percentages and carcass meat production rates of the male and female Danba goats were （25.83±1.04） and （18.50±2.29） kg, （45.18±0.78）% and （38.89± 2.08）%, （33.76±1.4）% and （28.59±1.99）%, and （74.30±0.85）% and （74.08±0.65）%, respectively. The carcass length, carcass hind leg circumstance, carcass hind leg length, lumbar muscle thickness, hind leg meat yield, shoulder muscle yield and breast meat yield of male goats were significantly higher than those of female goats （P〈0.05）, and no significant differenceswere found in other carcass size and carcass segmentation indices between male and female goats （P〉0.05）. There were small differences in muscle fiber properties, muscle quality, muscle nutritional composition, muscle mineral content and muscle heavy metal content between male and female goats （P〈0.05）. A total of 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in the male and female goats. The EAA/TAAs and EANNEAAs of male and female goats were （39.56±0.26）% and （39.48±0.66）%, and （65.45±0.71）% and （65.43±1.80）%, respec- tively. [Conclusion] This study will provide the basis for the understanding of the resource characteristics of Danba goat.

Separation and Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Pistillate Flowers between Different Mulberry Cultivars

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the proteins related to pistillate flower development in different mulberry cultivars. [Method] The total proteins of the pistillate flowers of two mulberry cultivars Dal0 （Morus atropurpurea Roxb.） and SG01 （Morus muIticaulis Perr.） were extracted, separated and detected through two- dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and mass spectrometry. [Result] There was sig- nificant difference in the expression of proteins from the pistillate flowers of different mulberry cultivars. From the 2-DE images of Dal0 and SG01, 445_＋17 and 425_＋12 protein spots were respectively detected. The expression levels of 75 protein spots differed significantly. Thirteen spots those were expressed at high levels and well separated were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and nine of them were identified successfully. The nine proteins are involved in the glycometabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism and defense responses during the development of mulberry pistillate flower after they were pollinated. [Conclusion] The findings will provide reference for further study on the molecular mechanism of mulberry pistillate flower de- velopment.

Effects of Amino Acid Foliar Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Different Vegetables

In order to explore the effects of amino acid foliar fertilizer on the yield and quality of different vegetables, we tested the spraying of an amino acid foliar fertilizer(Wanfeng 2) onto the leaves of cucumbers, eggplants and water spinach through contrast experiment in a greenhouse. The results showed that the yield increments of amino acid foliar fertilizer treatments in cucumbers, eggplants and water spinach were 11.57%, 4.43% and 12.41% respectively, and the output-input ratios were 64.52 ∶ 1, 53.31 ∶ 1 and 55.14 ∶ 1 respectively. Amino acid foliar fertilizer can influence the quality of greenhouse vegetables. The total sugar content of the cucumbers, eggplants, and water spinach significantly increased by 12.00%, 22.30%and 12.10% respectively. The vitamin C content increased by 4.76%, 24.80%, and10.90% respectively compared with the control. In conclusion, the spraying of amino acid foliar fertilizer could improve the yield and the nutritive quality of vegetables such as cucumbers, eggplants and water spinach.

Effect of Amino Acid Fertilizer on Flue-cured Tobacco Fertilizer Reducing and Efficiency Increasing

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effect of amino acid fertilizer on the growth, development and quality of flue-cured tobacco. [Method] With Yunyan 87 as tested flue-cured tobacco varieties, three treatments （chemical fertilizer （control）, chemical fertilizer＋solid amino acid, chemical fertilizer＋liquid amino acid） were set up to study the effects of amino acid fertilizer on flue-cured tobacco fertilizer reducing and efficiency increasing by means of contrast in the same field. [Result] The flue-cured tobacco applied solid amino acid fertilizer had the best performances of overall agronomic traits and the highest yield, while liquid amino acid fertilizer was conductive to the top leaf opening, making the raw tobacco appearance best, and could increase the proportion of middle and high quality tobacco, gaining good economic benefits. The flue-cured tobacco treated by liquid amino acid fertilizer had the optimal ratio of total sugar to nicotine and disaccharide differences in tobacco leaves, and the best coordination of chemical composition. Compared with the contrel, tobacco treated by amino acid fertilizer had less irritating and more comfortable taste, and the tobacco treated by liquid amino acid had light miscellaneous gas, and the best overall performance of sensory quality. [Conclusion] Chemical fertilizer＋liquid amino acids is conductive to promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco and improve the quality of tobacco leaves.