三峡水库成库初期氮、磷分布特征

三峡库区及其上游区是我国水土流失的重要地区.2003年6～12月三峡水库成库后,在三峡水库设置6个水平监测断面和2个垂直断面,每月对营养盐(NH 3-N,NO 2-N,NO 3-N,TN,TP)进行浓度监测.结果表明, 6个测点表层水NH 3-N、NO 2-N、NO 3-N、TN、TP含量均值分别为0.11 mg/L,0.019 mg/L,1.28 mg/L,1.62 mg/L,0.13 mg/L.沿水流方向TN浓度逐渐增高,TP浓度逐渐降低.在同一位置垂直方向按3个不同水深(表层、0.6倍水深和0.8倍水深)设置测点.连续7个月测试结果表明,营养盐在垂直方向上差异不明显.总磷浓度变化与流量变化有很大关系,总磷浓度最大值均出现在丰水期,最小值为枯水期.

渤海湾沉积物中氮、磷的空间分布特征研究

对2003-07在渤海湾采集的柱状沉积物中氮、磷的分布进行研究。结果表明,渤海湾柱状沉积物中氮、磷空间分布特征是近岸高,远岸低;近岸P含量达0.410mg/g,远岸含量为0.233mg/g。其中磷主要以无机磷形式存在,无机磷约占总磷的50%以上;渤海湾沉积物中氮含量较高,平均达5.96mg/g。

施用氮磷肥料对作物茎粒比及对各器官氮磷分布的影响

大田试验表明,施用磷肥和氮肥对玉米地上部分非经济产物和经济产物的比值影响不同:磷肥能提高,而氮肥能降低其比值;氮、磷配合,其比值降低更甚。施用氮肥可以明显地提高籽粒、茎叶中的氮素含量;而施用磷肥,并没有很高籽粒,茎叶以及穗轴中磷素含量的趋势,而有降低茎叶中氮素含量的现象。同样,施用氮肥明显地降低了,而施用磷肥明显地提高了灌区小麦的茎叶与籽粒的比值;但氮、磷肥对旱塬地区小麦的茎叶与籽粒比值未表现出明显影响。施用氮、磷肥对这两种营养元素在小麦体内分布的影响与玉米相似:施氮者,籽粒和茎叶中累积的氮素较多;施磷者累积的磷素较多。累积量的高低与形成经济产物多少有密切关系。

Spatial Distribution of Soil Total Nutrients of Farmland in Liaoning Province

[Objective]The aim was to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of total nutrients in soil and provide a theoretical basis for farmland management and improvement of crop yield. [Method]GIS technique was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of total C,total N,total P and total K for different soil layers in Liaoning Province. [Result]The results showed that the content of total C,total N,total P decrease from east to west,but the content of total K was high in north district of Liaoning Province. The content of total C,total N,total P and total K was higher in soil surface （0-20 cm） than the lower （20-40 cm）. Total K varied less with soil depth,and its mean content was respectively 17.64 g/kg and 17.08 g/kg for soil surface and soil lower layer. [Conclusion]The results of the distribution of soil total nutrients in different soil layers supplied a theory basis for farmland management.

2014年闻喜县旱地小麦肥料管理调查分析

为进一步了解山西省旱地小麦肥料施用现状,2014年在闻喜县进行了旱地小麦肥料管理调查。结果表明,调研区54.44%的农户冬小麦产量高于平均水平,仅5.56%的农户冬小麦产量偏低。调研区旱地小麦氮肥(N)平均投入量为162.98 kg/hm2,54.44%的农户氮肥投入量偏低;磷肥(P2O5)平均投入量为130.82 kg/hm2,5.56%的农户没有施用磷肥,43.33%的农户磷肥投入量适中;钾肥(K)平均投入量为55.84 kg/hm2,调研区农户钾肥投入分布不均,投入偏低的农户占较大比例,可见调研区农户施钾不合理;氮磷钾肥偏生产力分别为18.29,22.78,99.86 kg/kg;调研区农户各项投入,施肥占总投入的36%。总之,调研区旱地小麦产量较高,氮磷钾肥投入分布不均,对磷肥重视不足,氮磷肥偏生产力较低,各项投入以施肥所占比例最高。

Spatial Variation of P and N in Water and Sediments of Dianchi Lake, China

Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus(TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the K-N and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.

Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production in Jiaozhou Bay,North ChinaⅢ.Judgment Method,Rules and Uniqueness of Nutrient Limitation Among N,P,and Si

Analysis and comparison of Jiaozhou Bay data collected from May 1991 to February 1994(12 seasonal investigations) provided by the Ecological Station of Jiaozhou Bay revealed the characteristic spatiotemporal variation of the ambient concentration Si:DIN and Si:16P ratios and the seasonal variation of Jiaozhou Bay Si:DIN and Si:16P ratios showing that the Si:DIN ratios were < 1 throughout the year in Jiaozhou Bay; and that the Si:16P ratios were < 1 throughout Jiaozhou Bay in spring, autumn and winter. The results proved that silicate limited phytoplankton growth in spring, autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay. Analysis of the Si:DIN and Si:P ratios showed that the nutrient Si has been limiting the growth of phytoplankton throughout the year in some Jiaozhou Bay waters; and that the silicate deficiency changed the phytoplankton assemblage structure. Analysis of discontinuous 1962 to 1998 nutrient data showed that there was no N or P limitation of phytoplankton growth in that period. The authors consider that the annual cyclic change of silicate limits phytoplankton growth in spring, autumn and winter every year in Jiaozhou Bay; and that in many Jiaozhou Bay waters where the phytoplankton as the predominant species need a great amount of silicate, analysis of the nutrients N or P limitation of phytoplankton growth relying only on the N and P nutrients and DIN:P ratio could yield inaccurate conclusions. The results obtained by applying the rules of absolute and relative limitation fully support this view. The authors consider that the main function of nutrient silicon is to regulate and control the mechanism of the phytoplankton growth process in the ecological system in estuaries, bays and the sea. The authors consider that according to the evolution theory of Darwin, continuous environmental pressure gradually changes the phytoplankton assemblage's structure and the physiology of diatoms. Diatoms requiring a great deal of silicon either constantly decrease or reduce their requirement for silicon. This will cause a series of huge changes in the ecosystem so that the whole ecosystem requires continuous renewal, change and balancing. Human beings have to reduce marine pollution and enhance the capacity of continental sources to transport silicon to sustain the continuity and stability in the marine ecosystem.nt

THE N/P RATIO IN THE NORTHERN SOUTH YELLOW SEA IN AUTUMN

Study of horizontal and vertical distributions of the N/P (nitrogen versus phosphate) atom ratio in the northern South Yellow Sea showed that the ratio varied greatly in upper waters of the investigated area and was always much greater than the theoretical Redfield ratio of 16:1 found below the thermocline zone. It was in general higher near the coast and lower in the central part. With increasing depth, the ratio became smaller and smaller. This distribution pattern is attributed to: 1) the anthropogenic influence of the surface N and P which makes the N/P ratio differ from the normal value; 2) the easy adsorption of P on particles hinders P transport to the central part; 3) below the thermocline zone, the N and P mainly come from the remineralization of the sedimented phytoplankton residues which have almost the theoretical Redfield value and; 4) the existence of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water which inhibits the vertical exchange of the water.

The influence of three mangrove species on the distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the Quanzhou Bay estuarine wetland soils

This study aims to investigate the effects of region and three regional dominated mangrove species(Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia candel) on the distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Measurement of the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and enzymatic activities was carried out in soils covered by three mangrove species in the Quanzhou Bay estuarine wetlands, a typical coastal wetland in China.Species with a higher biomass in upstream and midstream absorb more nitrogen from soils, and the retention of the available phosphorus in the soils of different regions causes the regional variation of phosphorus. In areas dominated by A. marina, nitrate nitrogen is lower while available phosphorus is higher. Meanwhile, nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus are higher in the soils covered by K. candel.Moreover, all three species affect the elemental and enzymic stoichiometry. The mangrove species influences the diversity of the elemental and enzymic stoichiometric relationship through differential microenvironments, which induce the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems. Thus, this study may facilitate a better understanding of the transformation ability of mangroves to nitrogen and phosphorus and will therefore be beneficial for providing a basis for the ecological restoration of estuarine wetlands.

Variation in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus partitioning between above-and belowground biomass along a precipitation gradient at Tibetan Plateau

Precipitation is a potential factor that significantly affects plant nutrient pools by influencing biomass sizes and nutrient concentrations. However, few studies have explicitly dissected carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) pools between above- and belowground biomass at the community level along a precipitation gradient. We conducted a transect(approx. 1300 km long) study of Stipa purpurea community in alpine steppe on the Tibet Plateau of China to test the variation of N pool of aboveground biomass/N pool of belowground biomass(AB/BB N) and P pool of aboveground biomass/P pool of belowground biomass(AB/BB P) along a precipitation gradient. The proportion of aboveground biomass decreased significantly from mesic to drier sites. Along the belt transect, the plant N concentration was relatively stable; thus, AB/BB N increased with moisture due to the major influences by above- and belowground biomass allocation. However, P concentration of aboveground biomass decreased significantly with increasing precipitation and AB/BB P did not vary with aridity because of the offset effect of the P concentration and biomass allocation. Precipitation gradients do decouple the N and P pool of a S. purpurea community along a precipitation gradient in alpine steppe. The decreasing of N:P in aboveground biomass in drier regions may indicate much stronger N limitation in more arid area.