长期施肥对不同类型土壤中作物产量及土壤剖面硝态氮累积的影响

在潮土、褐土、砂姜黑土 3种土壤上 ,分别自 1980和 1981年选点布置了氮、磷、钾定位试验。在各个处理中分别从 0～ 2 0 ,2 0～ 4 0 ,4 0～ 60 ,60～ 80 ,80～ 10 0cm 5个剖面层次中垂直取土样 ,然后进行室内分析。结果表明 :在不施肥处理、单施氮处理、氮磷配施处理、氮磷钾配施处理 ,NO- 3 -N累积量以砂姜黑土为最多 ,潮土次之 ,褐土最少。硝态氮在土壤中分布不仅与施氮量有关 ,而且还与土壤类型有直接关系。

我国苹果园施肥现状、土壤剖面氮磷分布特征及减肥增效技术

【目的】全面认知我国苹果园施肥现状,明确苹果园土壤剖面氮磷分布特征,探究减肥增效和地力提升的果园管理技术,为我国苹果产业高质量发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】基于文献资料,制定我国苹果合理化肥施用量;采用实地调查和文献数据相结合的方法,明确和评价我国苹果主产区化肥施用现状;通过田间采样与室内分析,明晰灌区和非灌区苹果园土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P剖面变化特征;基于文献资料,集成苹果园减肥增效、地力提升和优质高产的管理技术。【结果】我国苹果园化肥合理施用量为N 150~420 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)90~330 kg/hm^(2)和K2O 120~420 kg/hm^(2)。目前我国苹果园化肥平均施用量分别为N 905 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)570 kg/hm^(2)和K_(2)O 675 kg/hm^(2),氮、磷、钾过量施肥现象普遍且较为严重;施肥结构上,重化肥轻有机肥现象明显,有机肥养分占比仅7.0%。旱作体系下,8年生苹果园土壤与农田相比,0—600 cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量差异不显著,25年生苹果园土壤在20—500 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于农田,且在120 cm土层出现215 mg/kg的硝态氮峰值;灌区25年生苹果园0—800 cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量均高于100 mg/kg,在380 cm土层出现265 mg/kg的硝态氮峰值,且140—600 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于旱作25年生苹果园土壤。土壤Olsen-P含量整体表现为0—100 cm土层下降、100—400 cm土层增加和400—600 cm土层基本稳定的趋势;旱作体系下,土壤Olsen-P含量在0—60 cm土层表现为25年生苹果园土壤>8年生苹果园土壤≈农田土壤,而在60—600 cm土层Olsen-P含量差异不显著;灌区25年生苹果园在60—120 cm土层土壤Olsen-P含量高于旱作25年生苹果园,且在80—100 cm土层出现一个14.5 mg/kg的峰值,460—560 cm土层也表现为灌溉果园的Olsen-P含量高于雨养果园的趋势。水肥一体化和推荐施肥是现实苹果园减肥增效的关键技术,有机无机肥配施、果园生草、施用生物炭是提高苹果园肥料利用效率及土壤肥力的重要途径。【结论】我国苹果园过量施肥和不平衡施肥问题严重;高量施肥背景下长期苹果种植导致土壤深层剖面硝态氮和有效磷累积,无效化风险高,且灌溉加剧了氮、磷的淋溶风险;水肥一体化和苹果养分专家系统等推荐施肥,以及有机无机肥配施、果园生草、施用生物炭等是实现我国苹果园减肥增效和地力提升的关键技术,在今后苹果园管理方面,应加强不同生态区适宜的综合技术研究。

冬小麦土壤氮素表观平衡率估算和氮肥决策

本文以土壤氮素表观平衡值和剖面无机氮动态为依据,通过两年田间试验的验证,提出在北京地区冬小麦亩施氮素12～15 kg 时可以获得较高产量,而且土壤氮素基本平衡。半数以上的氮素化肥基施或拔节后追施可能引起 NO_3^--N 向浅层地下水移动。试验结果表明少施基肥,起身初期一次施用尿素追肥并结合灌水,不仅可以提高产量,而且可以减少氮肥损失和对环境污染的可能。

RBS Analysis of N-profile in N-doped Diamond after High Energy Heavy Ion Irradiations

We have proposed a novel technique, 'low energy ion implantation + swift heavy ion irradiation', for synthesizing new structures in atom mixed materials. Recently, we used this technique to synthesize carbon-nitrides such as a and β-C3N4. As we know, the ratio of nitrogen (N-) to carbon (C-) atoms is one of the key parameters for synthesizing the phase a or β-C3N4. The ideal ratio of N- to C-atoms, N/C, is 4/3. However, this value could not be easily achieved on account of the solubility, diffusion and release of the nitrogen atoms

Downward Movement and Leaching of NO_3^--N fromNitrogen-Fertilized Corn on Dryland Soil

Field lysimeter method was employed to investigate the downward movement and leaching of N applied to summer corn (Zea may L.) on dryland soil in Beiling. A N-fertilizer (120 kg N hm-2) and a control treatment were arranged for the study. Soil solution was collected at depths of 20, 40, 60, 120 and 170 cm,while leachate was collected at the bottom (200 cm) of the lysimeter. The results showed that the downward movement of NO3-N in soil profile was greatly affected by rainfall pattern. The peak of leached NO3-N from both treatments coincided with the peak of the rainfall. In addition, leached NO3-N from both treatments and rainfall were significantly correlated (P<0.05). The amount of leached NO3-N was not great in the N-fertilizer treatment. The results also suggested that N fertilization could cause NO3-N contamination of groundwater during the rainy season.

Evaluation of Spatial and Vertical Variability of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sewage-Irrigated Soil in Tongliao, China

The reuse of wastewater for the irrigation of farmlands is gaining popularity, and the nutrient leaching associated with wastewater irrigation is becoming a matter of concern. The variability of nitrogen and phosphorus frac- tions in wastewater-irrigated soil was investigated in both horizontal and vertical directions in Kongjiaxiang, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that wastewater irrigation resulted in the concentrations of available N and P being 40.36% and 66.49% higher, respectively, than those with groundwater irrigation. Different forms of N and P exhibited significantly different distribution pattems. Higher concentrations of NO~ and total available N, as well as of those of Ca-P and total available P were observed near wastewater irrigation channels. Ca-P has a spatial distribu- tion pattern similar to that of available P. The concentrations of NO3 and NH4 were the highest in top soil and de- creased with depth. The complex interactions between nitrate leaching and nitrogen transformation processes （e.g., nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization） determined the vertical profile of NO3. The significant amount of NH~ loss inhibited its deep seepage. The Ca-bound compound contained more P than other inorganic fractions as a result of high Ca levels throughout the soil profile. The differences in the concentrations of Ca-bound P at different depths could be due to the upward flux or translocation of Ca from subsurface to surface soil and the sequestration of P.

Patterns of Soil ^(15)N and Total N and Their Relationships with Environmental Factors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The patterns of soil nitrogen （N） isotope composition at large spatial and temporal scales and their relationships to environmental factors illustrate N cycle and sources of N, and are integrative indicators of the terrestrial N cycle and its response to global change. The objectives of this study were： i） to investigate the patterns of soil N content and natural abundance of 15N （δ15N） values in different ecosystem types and soil profiles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; ii） to examine the effects of climatic factors and soil characteristics on the patterns of soil N content and soil δ15N values; and iii） to test the relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios across ecosystems and soil profiles. Soil profiles were sampled at 51 sites along two transects 1 875 km in length and 200 km apart and distributed in forest, meadow and steppe on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Each site was sampled every 10 cm from a soil depth of 0 to 40 cm and each sample was analyzed for soil N content and δ15N values. Our results indicated that soil N and 515N values （0-40 cm） in meadows were much higher than in desert steppe. Soil N decreased with soil depth for each ecosystem, while variations of soil ~15N values along soil profiles were not statistically significant among most ecosystems but for mountain meadow, lowland meadow, and temperate steppe where soil δ15N values tended to increase with soil depth. The parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and mean annual precipitation indicated that soil δ15N values increased with increasing precipitation in desert steppe up to 500 mm, and then decreased with increasing precipitation across all other ecosystems. Moreover, the parabolic relationship between δ15N values and mean annual temperature existed in all individual ecosystem types. Soil N and δ15N values （0-0 cm） increased with an increase in soil silt and clay contents. Furthermore, a threshold of C/N ratio of about 11 divided the parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios into positive （C/N 〈 11） and negative （C/N 〉 11） parts, which was valid across all ecosystems and soil profiles. The large explanatory power of soil C/N ratios for soil δ15N values suggested that C and N concentrations, being strongly controlled by precipitation and temperature, were the primary factors determining patterns of soil δ15N on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.