土壤中硒酸盐还原作用与硝酸盐脱氮化作用的相关关系

为查明土壤中硒酸盐还原作用与硝酸盐脱氮化作用的相关关系，在不同类型土－水系统中，加入一定量的ＫＮＯ３和Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ４溶液，观察ＮＯ和的化学形态转变过程．实验结果表明，硒酸盐的还原作用和硝酸盐的脱氮化作用在时空变化上具有一致性．的存在可促进ＮＯ的消失，ＮＯ的浓度变化影响ＮＯ对ＳｅＯ还原作用的抑制作用．ＮＯ３和ＳｅＯ形态的转化与有机碳化合物的种类、温度和硝酸盐还原酶的作用有密切的关系．

土－水系统中脱氮化作用与硝化作用的耦合关系

对氮肥的两种主要化学形态（即硝态氮和铵态氮）在土－水系统中的形态转化过程及控制因素进行了探讨。结果表明：供试系统中硝化作用与脱氮化作用都较强烈，硝化作用先于脱氮化作用，其速度明显比脱氮化作用快。硝化作用与脱氮化作用的耦合是氮化合物转化的核心机制。决定亚硝酸盐积累的主要因素是温度。

喷镁脱硫过程中氮化作用的热力学和动力学分析

本文运用热力学和动力学对喷镁过程中载气如何影响脱硫进行了研究，研究表明，用氮作为载气会降低镁的利用率，但用氩和氮作为载气对镁利用率影响的不同还不清楚。热力学和动力学分析表明，当用氮作为载体导入镁粒到金属液时，在喷枪喷嘴处可能形成镁的氮化物，在喷枪处形成的镁氮化物可能堵塞喷枪。氮化镁的分解或在熔池表面未分解氮化镁的存在都会增加镁在气体中的损失。可通过优化喷吹条件，使由于氮化作用损耗的镁和喷枪堵塞问题降到最低程度。

冻融对土－水系统中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

利用不同类型土壤－水系统，加入一定量的ＫＮＯ＿３溶液，进行温度和冻融对脱氮化作用的影响以及亚硝酸盐积累规律的研究，培育实验结果表明，低温下，尤其是冻融条件下亚硝酸盐积累，是由于冻融加强有机质的分解及矿化作用所引起。将此结果用来解释克山病环境地球化学病因：急性克山病往往发生在冬春季节，这可能与冻融条件下水体中大量积累亚硝酸盐有关。

全球冻融地区土壤是重要的N＿2O释放源的综合分析

Ｎ＿２Ｏ是重要的温室气体之一，它是微生物硝化作用和脱氮化作用过程的产物。有多种释放源，其中土壤圈是重要的释放源之一。在影响Ｎ＿２Ｏ释放通量的诸多因素中温度是关键因素之一。本文根据土壤冻融加强有机质矿化作用，以及对微生物群体产生非生物应力的性质，结合冻融地区土壤和冻土带湿地所具有的特征，进行综合分析，论述冻融地区土壤是重要的Ｎ＿２Ｏ释放源。

高岭石形成赛隆过程相变初探

本文对比了高岭石热分解及经碳热还原氮化作用制备赛隆（Sialons）过程中的相变情况。我们发现高岭石在这两种过程中发生的相变并不尽相同。加热高岭石最终形成莫来石和方石英过程中的相变，在其经碳热还原氯化作用制备赛隆的过程中是否出现，取决于温度、时间、C／Si原子比、N2流量等实验条件。后者因受众多实验因素的影响，其相变过程远放前者复杂。因此，笔者认为这两种过程中相变是相同的观点有进一步探讨的必要。

炼油厂废水生化处理出水氨氮超标问题的分析及解决措施

通过现场调查和试验验证,确认废水夹带有机溶剂N-甲基二乙醇胺是造成炼油厂废水处理出水氨氮超标的主要原因。在不改变现有处理工艺流程的条件下,采用定期投加高效硝化生物菌种的措施来解决有机氮化合物经氨化作用造成炼油厂废水氨氮高的问题,结果表明,投加生物菌种后,出水氨氮浓度持续下降,并最终出水达标。高效硝化微生物菌种对高氨氮废水有非常好的处理效果,且应用范围广泛。

N-nitro-L-arginine Attenuates Morphine and Dihydroetorphine-induced Place Preference in Mice

Opiate dependence has become one of the most urgent problems of modernsociety. Opiate dependence involves physical and psychical dependence. Although many addicts can bedetoxified, the relapse ratio of 95% in 5 a demonstrates that opiate psychical dependence is aproblem more troublesome. It has been reported that acute and chronic administration of L- NNA canmarkedly retard the development of tolerance to physical dependence on morphine, and suppress theabstinence syndromes precipitated by naloxone in opiate dependent rodents, and even reverse theexisting morphine tolerance. However, the effect of L-NNA on the positive reinforcement ofpsychically active substances and its possible mechanism have not yet been reported. In presentstudy, the effect of L- NNA en the psychical dependence induced by opiates was evaluated on thebasis of conditioned place preference.

Nitridation Behaviour,Microstructure and Proerties of Si—SiC Compostites Seeded with Morphologically Regulated β—Silicon Nitride Crystals

Nitridation of Si-SiC compacts ,containing β-Si3N4 single crystals as seed ,showed a higher yield of nitride with increase of the seed content,Samples containing seed with the largest aspect-ratio gave the best nitridation results.The evolution of the large epitaxially-grown grains,from the seed( as nucleus),during the subsequent liquid phase sintering process,gave ,rise to a bi-modal microstructure,The population of large grains was found to inrease with the volume of added seed.Samples containing 3 volume % exhibited the best mechanical properties,Fracture toughness of the sintered reaction bonded silicon nitride showed improvement in excess of 35% compared to the baselince Si3N4.

Transport of Nitrogen Assimilation in Xylem Vessels of Green Tea Plants Fed with NH_4-N and NO_3-N

An experiment was carried out to study the transport process of nitrogen （N） assimilation from tea roots by monitoring the dynamic composition of N compounds in xylem sap after 15^N-NO3 and 15^N-NH4 were fed to the root of tea plants （Camellia sinensis L.）. Results showed that the main amino acids were glutamine, theanine, axginine, asparic acid and glutamic acid, which accounted for 49%, 17%, 8%, 7%, and 4%, respectively, of the total amino acids in the xylem sap. After the tea plants were fed with 15^N-NO3 and 15^N-NH4 for 48 h, the amount of total amino acids in xylem sap significantly increased and those fed with 15^N-NH4 had higher increment than those with 15^N-NOa. Two hours after 15^N- NO3 and 15^N-NH4 were fed, 15N abundance in glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were detected and increased quickly over time. This indicated that it took less than 2 h for NO3-N and NH4-N to be absorbed by tea roots, incorporated into the above amino acids and transported to the xylem sap. Rapid increase in 15^N-NO3 in the xylem sap of tea plants fed with 15^N-NO3 indicated that nitrate could be directly transported to the xylem sap. Glutamine, theanine, and alanine were the main amino acids transported in xylem sap of tea plants fed with both 15^N-NO3 and 15^N-NH4.

Soil N Pools and Transformation Rates Under Different Land Uses in a Subalpine Forest-Grassland Ecotone

Soil nitrogen pools (NP), denitrification (DN), gross nitrification (GN), N2O and CO2 flux rates with their responses to temperature increases were determined under five different land uses and managements in a subalpine forest-grassland ecotone of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Land uses consisted of 1) sparse woodland, 2) shrub-land, 3) natural pasture, 4)fenced pasture, and 5) tilled pasture mimicking a gradient degenerating ecosystem under grazing impacts. The NO3--N content was higher than the NH4+-N content. Comparing tilled pasture with fenced pasture showed that higher intensive management (tillage) led to a significant decrease of soil organic matter (SOM) (P ＜ 0.05) in the soils, which was in contrast to the significant increases (P ＜0.05) of DN, GN, N2O and CO2 flux rates. GN (excluding tilled pasture) and CO2 flux rates increased with a temperature rise, but DN and N2O flux rates normally reached their maximum values at 12-14 ℃ with tilled pasture (the highest management intensity) being very sensitive to temperature increases. There was a difference between net nitrification and GN, with GN being a betterindicator of soil nitrification.

N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.

Relationship Between Soil Microbial Biomass C and N and Mineralizable Nitrogen in Some Arable Soils on Loess Plateau

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC)and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ausai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg Cg-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g-1, accounting for 1.36%～6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g-1, accounting for 0.20%～5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.

Effects of adding water on seasonal variation of soil nitrogen availability under sandy grasslands in semi-arid region

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water （80 mm） was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition （W） treatment and control （CK） treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots （4 m×4 m for each） with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net ni- trogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5μg·g^-1,month^-1 to 4 μg.g^-1.month^-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited ＂V＂ shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N （ascending trend） and nitrate-N transformation （descending trend）.

Effect of Potassium and C/N Ratios on Conversion of NH_4^+ in Soils

Two soils, one consisting of 1:1 clay minerals at pH 4.5 and the other containing 2:1 clay minerals at pH 7.0, were used to estimate the conversion of added NH+4 under different C/N ratios (glucose as the C source) and the addition of potassium. Under lower C/N ratios (0:1 and 5:1), a large part of the added NH4+ in the acid soil was held in the forms of either exchangeable or water soluble NH4+ for a relatively long time and under higher C/N ratio (50:1), a large amount of the added NH4+ was directly immobilized by microorganisms. In the second soil containing appreciable 2:1 type clay minerals a large part of the added NH+4 at first quickly entered the interlayer of the minerals under both lower and higher C/N ratios. In second condition, however, owing to microbial assimilation stimulated by glucose the newly fixed NH4+c ould be completely released in further incubation because of a large concentration gradient between external NH4+ and fixed NH4+ in the mineral interlayer caused by heterotrophic microorganisms, which imply the fixed NH4+ to be available to plants. The results also showed that if a large amount of K+ with carbon source together was added to soil, the higher K+ concentration of soil solution could impede the release of fixed NH4+ , even if there was a lot of carbon source.

Nitrate Effect on Rice Growth and Nitrogen Absorption and Assimilation at Different Growth Stages

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.

Fabrication of highly dispersed platinum-deposited porous g-C_3N_4 by a simple in situ photoreduction strategy and their excellent visible light photocatalytic activity toward aqueous 4-fluorophenol degradation

A series of highly dispersed platinum‐deposited porous g‐C3N4 (Pt/pg‐C3N4) were successfully fabricated by a simple in situ photoreduction strategy using chloroplatinic acid and porous g‐C3N4 as precursors. Porous g‐C3N4 was fabricated by a pretreatment strategy using melamine as a raw material.The morphology, porosity, phase, chemical structure, and optical and electronic properties ofas‐prepared Pt/pg‐C3N4 were characterized. The photocatalytic activity of as‐prepared Pt/pg‐C3N4was preliminarily evaluated by the degradation of aqueous azo dyes methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The as‐prepared Pt/pg‐C3N4 were further applied to the degradation and mineralization of aqueous 4‐fluorophenol. The recyclability of Pt/pg‐C3N4 was evaluated under four consecutive photocatalytic runs.

Nitrous Oxide Production in a Sequence Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment System Using Synthetic Wastewater

The rate of nitrous oxide emission from a laboratory sequence batch reactor （SBR） wastewater treatment system using synthetic wastewater was measured under controlled conditions. The SBR was operated in the mode of 4 h for aeration, 3.5 h for stirring without aeration, 0.5 h for settling and drainage, and 4 h of idle. The sludge was acclimated by running the system to achieve a stable running state as chemical oxygen demand, NO2^-, NO3^-, NH4^＋, pH, and N2O. indicated by rhythmic changes of total N, dissolved oxygen, Under the present experimental conditions measured nitrous oxide emitted from the off-gas in the aerobic and anaerobic phases, respectively, accounted for 8.6%-16.1% and 0-0.05% of N removed, indicating that the aerobic phase was the main source of N2O emission from the system. N2O dissolved in discharged water was considerable in term of concentration. Thus, measures to be developed for the purpose of reducing N2O emission from the system should be effective in the aeration phase.

Nitrogen Mineralization of Prunings of Six N_2-Fixing Hedgerow Species in a Dry Valley of the Jinsha River

A litterbag experiment of 12 weeks was conducted to study nitrogenmineralization process of prunings of six nitrogen-fixing hedgerowspecies in a dry valley of the Jinsha River. Prunigns wereincorporated into soil or used as mulch. The results indicated thatpruning N of the six hedgerow species was mineralized fast in thefirst week and then decreased slowly in the rest of the study period.When prunings were incorporated into soil, the amount of nitrogenmineralized by the end of the first week accounted for 69.9/100,58.2/100, 54.5/100, 43.0/100, 29.6/100 and 20.6/100 of the total N inprungins of Desmodium rensonii, Tephrosia candida, Leucaenaleucoephala, Albizia yunnanensis, Acacia dealbata, and Acaciamearnsii, respectively.