超量覆盖物对土壤氮矿化作用和玉米产量的影响

１９９３年，在美国的密执安州建立了长期作物栽培系统试验，以测量轮作和作物覆盖在玉米产量方面的影响。轮作和作物覆盖目的都是为了作物在生育期内得到足够的氮。土壤氮含量用ＰＳＮＴ得到。试验包括玉米—玉米—大豆—小麦轮作系统和玉米连作两种种植系统。实验地设１个裂区，每个裂区有４次重复，设有两种肥料管理：有机肥及化肥。撒播的覆盖作物有黑麦草和红苜蓿。研究结果表明：有覆盖作物的玉米比无覆盖的玉米产量明显提高，轮作的玉米比连作的玉米产量高，轮作有覆盖的玉米产量明显高于无覆盖玉米。

不同生物炭对安徽宣城旱地红壤氮矿化的影响

采用连续间隙淋洗培养法,研究了竹炭、烟草秸秆炭及棉花秸秆炭对安徽宣城旱地红壤氮素矿化作用的影响。结果表明:3种生物炭均可提高土壤p H,但p H增长幅度与生物炭用量相关,最高可增加2个单位;不同用量的生物炭添加都会导致土壤氮素硝化速率及矿化速率的降低,竹炭、烟草秸秆炭及棉花秸秆炭分别使硝化速率最大降幅达49.2%、72.3%与69.2%,矿化速率最大降幅达33.7%、61.9%与61.1%。因此,生物炭实际施用需作谨慎的评估,优化其使用方法。

不同更新方式对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化的影响

【目的】探索亚热带米槠常绿阔叶林转换为人促更新林和人工林后的土壤氮矿化作用的变化,为评价和选择森林经营方式提供参考。【方法】以亚热带米槠常绿阔叶天然林、人促更新常绿阔叶林和米槠人工林为研究对象,比较不同森林类型表层(0~10和10~20 cm)土壤的铵态氮(NH^(+)_(4)-N)和硝态氮(NO^(-)_(3)-N)含量,并采用室内氮矿化培养方法测定土壤氮矿化速率,研究不同经营方式对森林土壤氮矿化作用的影响。【结果】天然林转换为人促更新林和人工林后,0~10和10~20 cm土层土壤NH^(+)_(4)-N含量分别下降5%~13%和16%~25%,NO^(-)_(3)-N含量分别增加1.4%~241%和68%~871%,且人促更新林NH^(+)_(4)-N含量比人工林高3%~27%,人促更新林NO^(-)_(3)-N含量比人工林低40%~65%;天然林转换后,人促更新林和人工林土壤净氮矿化速率分别下降11%~12%和27%~50%,人促更新林土壤净氮矿化速率显著高于人工林,净硝化速率显著低于人工林。【结论】与人工林相比,人促更新营林方式的干扰活动程度低,林地凋落物养分归还量大,同时土壤净氮矿化速率高且硝化速率低,向土壤输入更多的有效性氮源。因此,人促更新方式有利于土壤氮保存和提高氮素有效性,在氮素养分循环方面比人工林经营方式更具有优越性。

中亚热带典型红壤区土壤氮矿化动力学参数估算

氮素矿化是土壤氮循环的重要环节,土壤氮矿化参数对于正确评价土壤供氮潜力和指导土壤氮素管理有重要意义。采用35℃淹水厌氧短期培养法研究了中亚热带典型红壤丘陵区五种土地利用方式土壤氮素的矿化作用。利用双一级动力学模型(双氮库模型)对矿化过程进行拟合与比较,并利用土壤理化性质对氮矿化动力学参数进行估测。结果表明,土壤氮素快速矿化主要在淹水培养前7 d,于28 d矿化曲线即趋于平稳;双氮库模型能很好的拟合氮矿化作用。菜地、稻田、荒地、林地和茶园土壤的易矿化氮库矿化势分别为85.9 mg/kg、184.4 mg/kg、64.5 mg/kg、37.0 mg/kg和11.4 mg/kg,其占全氮的比率分别为5.77%、8.65%、4.42%、3.31%和1.25%,其易矿化速率常数分别为0.31、0.58、0.15、0.07和0.17(1/d)。应用双氮库模型拟合的易矿化氮库矿化势和易矿化速率常数与土壤全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、p H和碳氮比有显著相关性;利用全氮及p H两变量能较好地预测氮矿化势和矿化速率常数,但土壤微生物生物量碳对氮素矿化动力学参数估算具有更关键作用。

N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.

Relationship Between Soil Microbial Biomass C and N and Mineralizable Nitrogen in Some Arable Soils on Loess Plateau

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC)and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ausai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg Cg-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g-1, accounting for 1.36%～6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g-1, accounting for 0.20%～5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.

Effect of Potassium and C/N Ratios on Conversion of NH_4^+ in Soils

Two soils, one consisting of 1:1 clay minerals at pH 4.5 and the other containing 2:1 clay minerals at pH 7.0, were used to estimate the conversion of added NH+4 under different C/N ratios (glucose as the C source) and the addition of potassium. Under lower C/N ratios (0:1 and 5:1), a large part of the added NH4+ in the acid soil was held in the forms of either exchangeable or water soluble NH4+ for a relatively long time and under higher C/N ratio (50:1), a large amount of the added NH4+ was directly immobilized by microorganisms. In the second soil containing appreciable 2:1 type clay minerals a large part of the added NH+4 at first quickly entered the interlayer of the minerals under both lower and higher C/N ratios. In second condition, however, owing to microbial assimilation stimulated by glucose the newly fixed NH4+c ould be completely released in further incubation because of a large concentration gradient between external NH4+ and fixed NH4+ in the mineral interlayer caused by heterotrophic microorganisms, which imply the fixed NH4+ to be available to plants. The results also showed that if a large amount of K+ with carbon source together was added to soil, the higher K+ concentration of soil solution could impede the release of fixed NH4+ , even if there was a lot of carbon source.

Effects of adding water on seasonal variation of soil nitrogen availability under sandy grasslands in semi-arid region

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water （80 mm） was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition （W） treatment and control （CK） treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots （4 m×4 m for each） with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net ni- trogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5μg·g^-1,month^-1 to 4 μg.g^-1.month^-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited ＂V＂ shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N （ascending trend） and nitrate-N transformation （descending trend）.

Nitrogen Mineralization of Prunings of Six N_2-Fixing Hedgerow Species in a Dry Valley of the Jinsha River

A litterbag experiment of 12 weeks was conducted to study nitrogenmineralization process of prunings of six nitrogen-fixing hedgerowspecies in a dry valley of the Jinsha River. Prunigns wereincorporated into soil or used as mulch. The results indicated thatpruning N of the six hedgerow species was mineralized fast in thefirst week and then decreased slowly in the rest of the study period.When prunings were incorporated into soil, the amount of nitrogenmineralized by the end of the first week accounted for 69.9/100,58.2/100, 54.5/100, 43.0/100, 29.6/100 and 20.6/100 of the total N inprungins of Desmodium rensonii, Tephrosia candida, Leucaenaleucoephala, Albizia yunnanensis, Acacia dealbata, and Acaciamearnsii, respectively.

Effect of Fluctuating Temperatures on Forest SoilNitrogen Mineralization

Nitrogen mineralization in forest soil was studied in laboratory by incubating undisturbed soil cores enclosed within PVC columns at different temperatures to compare the effect of fluctuating temperature with that of constant temperature, and to find out whether soil nitrification shows linearity over time. The results showed that there was no significant difference between soil nitrification at fluctuating temperature and that at constant temperature, and suggested that it must be careful to make the conclusion that soil nitrification has linearity over time.

Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Potential Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Forest Soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, a pot experiment using forest soils planted with the seedlings of four woody species was performed with weekly treatments of pH 4.40, 4.00, 3.52, and 3.05 simulated acid rain (SAR) for 42 months compared to a control of pH 5.00 lake water. The cumulative amounts of C and N mineralization in the five treated soils were determined after incubation at 25 ℃ for 65 d to examine the effects of SAR treatments. For all five treatments, cumulative CO2-C production ranged from 20.24 to 27.81 mg kg-1 dry soil, net production of available N from 17.37 to 48.95 mg kg-1 dry soil, and net production of NO-3 -N from 9.09 to 46.23 mg kg-1 dry soil. SAR treatments generally enhanced the emission of CO2-C from the soils; however, SAR with pH 3.05 inhibited the emission. SAR treatments decreased the net production of available N and NO3-N. The cumulative CH4 and N2O productions from the soils increased with increasing amount of simulated acid rain. The cumulative CO2-C production and the net production of available N of the soil under Acmena acuminatissima were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those under Schima superba and Cryptocarya concinna. The mineralization of soil organic C was related to the contents of soil organic C and N, but was not related to soil pH. However, the overall effect of acid rain on the storage of soil organic matter and the cycling of important nutrients depended on the amount of acid deposition and the types of forests.

Mineralization and Transformation of Nitrogen Derived from Plant Materials in Soils over 10 Years

Results of a 10-year decomposition experiment indicated that the annual mineralization rate of organic N in newly-formed humus varied with the type of original plant materials and the water regimes for decomposition, ranging from 0.028 to 0.074. The mineralization rate under waterlogged conditions was higher than that under upland conditions. The proportion of α-amino acid N in humus newly-formed under waterlogged conditions was slightly higher than that under upland conditions. It decreased gradually with time, while the proportion of nonhydrolyzable N showed no consistent trend, irrespective of the water regimes for decomposition. The distribution of amino acids in humus newly- formed from different plant materials under various water regimes was quite similar with that in original plant materials, and only minor differences could be found among them. For example, in comparison to original plant materials, the newly-formed humus contained higher proportions of isoleucine, cystine, γ-amino-butync acid and ornithine, and lower proportions of phenylalanine and proline. Moreover the proportion of phenylalanine was higher in the humus newly-formed under waterlogged conditions than that under upland conditions.

Temperature dependence of carbon mineralization and nitrous oxide emission in a temperate forest ecosystem

The measurement of CO2 and N2O effiux from forest soils is of great importance in evaluating the role of forests as sequestering agents of atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen. To quantify the effect of site on temperature dependence of net C-mineralization and N2O-N emissions, three adjacent forest floors under beech, Norway spruce and mixed species stands were investigated at Soiling forest, Germany, by an incubation experiment for three months. The investigated net C-mineralization and N2O-N emissions from all forest floors exhibited an exponential increase with respect to temperature elevation. The temperature coefficient function （Q10 value）, was fitted to flux rates to describe the temperature sensitivity of forest floors on temperature in the range of 1-20℃. Comparing the fitted curves for temperature sensitivity of the forest floors in relation to net carbon mineralization and nitrous oxide emission rates revealed a strong positive correlation across all sites. For the whole data set of all stands, a Q10 value of 1.73-2.10 for net C-mineralization and 2.81-3.58 for N2O-N emissions per measured unit was found to describe the temperature dependency of net C-mineralization and N20-N efflux at experimental site. The absence of clear differences between beech and spruce in mono and mixed species cultures on temperature dependencies of net C-mineralization and N2O-N emission rates indicated that the flux rates were not affected by species-specific differences of litter quality.