施用控释氮肥对减少稻田氮素径流损失和提高水稻氮素利用率的影响

采用渗漏池模拟研究了洞庭湖区双季稻种植条件下施用控释肥料对氮素径流损失、水稻产量和稻株氮素含量的影响。结果表明,施用等N量控释氮肥(CRNF)和70%N量控释氮肥(70%CRNF)的处理总氮(TN)径流损失量比施用尿素处理(CF)分别降低了24.5%和27.2%(P<0.05)。主要是施用控释氮肥显著降低了水稻前期(施肥后10d内)的径流水中氮素浓度。与施用尿素相比,两种土壤上施用控释肥的早、晚稻产量均明显提高,特别是在河沙泥上,稻谷总产量以70%CRNF处理最高,比尿素处理增产4.95%(P<0.05)。控释氮肥能明显提高水稻生长后期的植株和子粒中的N含量;在水稻增产显著的河沙泥上,70%CRNF处理的早、晚稻子粒N含量较CF处理提高了9.4%(P<0.05)和23.3%(P<0.01);其氮素利用率高于施用全量尿素的CF处理。

雨强及施肥降雨间隔对油菜田氮素径流流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨和原状土盆栽的方法。研究了3个不同降雨强度条件下降雨施肥间隔对杭嘉湖平原区油菜田氮紊径流流失的影响。结果表明：在同一降雨强度下，降雨施肥间隔与总氮输出浓度呈负相关关系。而同一降雨施肥间隔下。雨强与径流氮浓度呈正相关关系．但即使在低雨强下．短降雨施肥间隔仍可导致大量氮紊流失；径流氮素输出动态过程可以分为前期浓度出峰期和后期浓度下降稳定期，径流氮浓度的输出风险主要集中在前期出峰期，低雨强的稳定期出现时间较早；硝氮是氮索流失的主要形态，各处理条件下硝氮比重均在30％以上，降雨施肥间隔时间在3天以上比重更高；高雨强和短降雨施肥间隔明显促进总氮及硝氮的流失，降雨施肥间隔应尽量在5～7天以上。

不同养分管理措施下常年菜地蔬菜生长及氮素径流特征

【目的】蔬菜生产超量施肥现象十分普遍,由此导致的面源污染问题日益严重。研究探讨常年菜地的合理施肥技术,明确蔬菜合理的氮肥投入阈值范围,从污染源头控制氮的迁移、流失,对于降低氮肥对水体的污染风险具有积极意义。【方法】本试验采用大田小区试验方法,设置不施肥对照和不同用量化肥配施有机肥处理(N0,化肥氮空白;CON,习惯施肥;OPT,优化施肥;OPT+N,优化增氮;OPT+P,优化增磷;OPT+NPK,优化增氮磷钾),研究了不同养分管理措施对常年菜地甘蓝—茄子—甘蓝轮作模式下蔬菜生长及氮素径流流失的影响。【结果】连续三茬、为期一年的蔬菜试验,共采集径流样品18次。整个试验期间,不同处理的菜地地表径流铵态氮浓度均低于2.0mg/L的地表水V类水标准限值,且施肥对铵态氮的影响无明显规律性。地表径流硝态氮和总氮具有相似的浓度变化特征,浓度范围分别为0.03 28.43 mg/L和1.06 31.79 mg/L,硝态氮是土壤矿质氮流失的主要氮素形态。施氮不同程度增加总氮和硝态氮浓度,且化肥氮的作用尤为明显。几乎所有径流样品的总氮浓度均超过2.0 mg/L的地表水V类水的标准限值,OPT+NPK处理总氮浓度及硝态氮超标率均最高。对照处理的菜地总氮年流失负荷为30.8 kg/hm2,化肥氮空白处理与对照间无显著差异。其他有机无机肥配施处理中CON、OPT、OPT+N、OPT+P和OPT+NPK处理总氮年流失负荷分别为69.81、54.95、76.6、55.45和90.73 kg/hm2,分别较对照显著提高126.51%、78.29%、148.54%、79.92%和194.39%,且以OPT+NPK处理的流失负荷(90.73 kg/hm2)最高、OPT处理负荷较低(54.95 kg/hm2)。菜地施肥处理的氮肥流失系数在1.47%3.44%之间,总体随化肥氮用量增加而升高。施肥显著增加蔬菜产量,化肥氮空白处理的甘蓝和茄子产量较相应对照处理分别增加67.50%和114.20%,其他有机无机肥配施处理下两种蔬菜产量的增幅分别为5.1 5.5倍和4.5 5.9倍。相同有机肥用量条件下,施用氮、磷、钾化肥对蔬菜的增产作用明显,且以氮、磷、钾肥用量均最高的OPT+NPK处理的蔬菜产量增幅最大。【结论】从兼顾经济效益和环境效益角度出发,综合分析蔬菜产量、肥料投入成本及总氮流失负荷,优化施肥(OPT)处理可作为常年菜地推荐施肥技术方案。

不同施肥模式对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同施肥模式（不施肥、纯施化肥、化肥与生物黑炭配施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施）对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响。结果表明,整个玉米生长期,降雨量与地表径流量呈显著正相关,地表径流量是决定除NH＋4-N以外其他形式氮流失量的主要因子之一。施肥可显著增加旱地土壤各种形式氮素的流失。与单施化肥相比,化肥与生物黑炭配施,有机无机肥配施,有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施均可显著降低旱地土壤各种氮素（NO-3—N、NH＋4-N、TDN、PN、TN）径流流失,降幅分别为42.85%~72.49%,33.57%~62.59%,37.13%~65.66%,24.17%~54.04%,30.47%~59.69%,且降低作用的大小为化肥与生物黑炭配施〈有机无机肥配施〈有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施。施用生物黑炭和有机肥均可促进旱地土壤对TDN的保持能力,在TDN流失量中无机氮占61.32%~71.94%,无机氮中又以NO-3-N为主。与单施化肥相比,化肥与生物黑炭配施,有机无机肥配施,有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施均可减少NO-3-N占TDN的比例,增加NH＋4-N占TDN的比例,其中以有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施的作用更加明显。因此,在今后旱地土壤施肥中,推荐有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施。

施肥模式对中国稻田氮素径流损失和产量影响的Meta分析

优化施肥模式是减少稻田氮素径流损失,降低农业面源污染风险,确保作物产量的重要措施。采用Meta分析方法研究不同施肥模式(施肥类型、施肥量和分施次数)对稻田氮素径流损失和作物产量的影响,筛选了29个同行评议研究论文,共109组有效的配对试验数据进行分析。结果表明,与不施肥相比,化肥、有机肥替代和缓释肥替代分别增加氮素径流损失量N 6.73、1.21和3.40 kg/hm^(2)。与单施化肥相比,有机肥和缓释肥替代分别显著降低82.0%和49.5%的氮素径流损失,而对作物产量没有显著影响。同时,单施化肥处理的氮素径流损失率(4.34%)显著高于有机肥替代(2.33%)和缓释肥替代(2.04%)。施肥量的影响表现为,当施肥量低于N 240 kg/hm^(2)时氮素径流损失量没有明显差异,95%置信区间范围在N 4.40~6.96 kg/hm^(2);而施肥量高于N 240 kg/hm^(2)时氮素径流损失量显著增加,95%置信区间范围增加为N 7.17~11.25 kg/hm^(2)。当稻田的施肥量为N 120~180 kg/hm^(2)时,可有效降低氮素径流损失,同时维持较高的作物产量。化肥分施次数也对氮素径流有显著影响,与氮肥一次性施入相比,分施显著降低了氮素的径流损失量和损失率,其中2、3和4次分施的氮素径流损失率均值分别为1.87%、3.54%和3.21%,显著低于单次施用的10.20%。该研究结果为合理制定稻田氮素管理方案、减少氮素径流损失和农业面源污染物排放、提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据。

稻鸭共作系统的稻田氮素渗漏和径流特征

通过田间试验,分析了稻鸭共作(MRD)、常规栽培(MR)和淹灌单作(CK)3种稻作方式的稻田氮素渗漏和径流特征.结果表明:与MR处理相比,稻鸭共作系统稻田渗漏液氮素浓度尤其是NO3--N浓度显著减少,与CK处理相比,稻鸭共作稻田渗漏液氮素浓度有增加趋势;MRD处理在施肥7～9d后,田面水中的NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度高于MR处理,由于MRD处理不用搁田且田埂较高,田间排水量显著减少,氮素径流损失反而显著少于MR处理;与MR处理相比,MRD处理增加了鸭粪的氮素投入,减少了氮素渗漏和径流损失,减少了化学氮肥用量,增加了水稻地上部吸氮量;MRD系统的氮素输入总量和氮素输出总量均减少,且减少量基本相等.

Effects of Vegetation Coverage and Management Practice on Soil Nitrogen Loss by Erosion in a Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau in China

Soil erosion and nutrient loss due to erosion are world-wide problems. Similar to soil loss by erosion, soil nitrogen (N) loss by erosion in small catchments is affected by vegetation coverage. The practice of comprehensive management for catchments mainly by adjusting cropland, grassland and woodland areas was widely adopted to reduce soil and water loss in catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Three experiments under natural and artificial rainfall conditions on N loss by erosion for a model catchment and for an actual catchment in Zhifanggou of Ansai County in China was performed to determine the relationships between comprehensive management and N loss by runoff in small catchments. The results for vegetation coverage of 60%, 40%, 20% and 0 show that runoff loss of ammonium, nitrate, and total N were 87.08, 44.31, 25.16, 13.71 kg/km(2); 85.50, 74.06, 63.95, 56.23 kg/km(2); and 0.18, 1.18, 1.98, 7.51 t/ km(2), respectively. Due to reduction in the size of cropped area on steeply sloping land, soil N loss by erosion in the catchments was decreased by 15.8% as compared with that in 1992, i.e., from 8 758.5 kg in 1992 to 7 562.2 kg in 1998. Whereas, catchments act as a filter for ammonium and nitrate in rain, the catchment filtering effects on nitrate is remarkably higher than that on ammonium. The enrichment of < 20 mum aggregate in sediment results in the enrichment of organic matter and total N in flood sediment. Greater vegetation coverage can effectively decrease soil erosion and total N loss. However, soil mineral N loss increased as vegetation coverage increased.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff Losses from Orchard Soils in South China as Affected by Fertilization Depths and Rates

Fertilizers are heavily applied in orchards of the hilly and mountainous topography of South China and may increase nutrient loadings to receiving waters.A simple runoff collecting system was used to measure the effects of different fertilization treatments on total N and P concentrations of surface runoff in a Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) orchard in Dongyuan County,Guangdong Province,China.In such orchards,fertilizer was typically applied in two short furrows or pits on either side of each tree.Treatments included three application depths (surface,10cm and 20 cm),and three application rates (low,median and high).Results showed that 90.5% of the runoff water samples had a total N concentration higher than 0.35 mgL^(-1) and 54.2% had a total P concentration higher than 0.1 mgL^(-1).Fertilizer application at all depths and at all but the lowest rate significantly increased total N and P concentrations in runoff water.Fertilization with chemical compound fertilizer at a soil depth of 20cm produced significantly lower (P<0.05) total N concentration in runoff than both surface and 10-cm depth fertilization,and significantly lower (P<0.05) total P concentration in runoff than surface fertilization.Total N and P concentrations in runoff significantly increased with the application rate of organic fertilizers.With the exception of total P concentrations,which were not significantly different between the control and fertilization at a rate of 119 kg P ha-1 in organic form,all the other fertilization treatments produced significantly higher total N and total P concentrations in runoff than the control.A fertilization depth≥20cm and an application rate≤72 kg N ha^(-1) or 119 kg P ha^(-1) for compound organic fertilizer was suggested to substantially reduce N and P runoff losses from hillslope orchards and to protect receiving waters in South China.