雨强及施肥降雨间隔对油菜田氮素径流流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨和原状土盆栽的方法。研究了3个不同降雨强度条件下降雨施肥间隔对杭嘉湖平原区油菜田氮紊径流流失的影响。结果表明：在同一降雨强度下，降雨施肥间隔与总氮输出浓度呈负相关关系。而同一降雨施肥间隔下。雨强与径流氮浓度呈正相关关系．但即使在低雨强下．短降雨施肥间隔仍可导致大量氮紊流失；径流氮素输出动态过程可以分为前期浓度出峰期和后期浓度下降稳定期，径流氮浓度的输出风险主要集中在前期出峰期，低雨强的稳定期出现时间较早；硝氮是氮索流失的主要形态，各处理条件下硝氮比重均在30％以上，降雨施肥间隔时间在3天以上比重更高；高雨强和短降雨施肥间隔明显促进总氮及硝氮的流失，降雨施肥间隔应尽量在5～7天以上。

不同施肥模式对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同施肥模式（不施肥、纯施化肥、化肥与生物黑炭配施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施）对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响。结果表明,整个玉米生长期,降雨量与地表径流量呈显著正相关,地表径流量是决定除NH＋4-N以外其他形式氮流失量的主要因子之一。施肥可显著增加旱地土壤各种形式氮素的流失。与单施化肥相比,化肥与生物黑炭配施,有机无机肥配施,有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施均可显著降低旱地土壤各种氮素（NO-3—N、NH＋4-N、TDN、PN、TN）径流流失,降幅分别为42.85%~72.49%,33.57%~62.59%,37.13%~65.66%,24.17%~54.04%,30.47%~59.69%,且降低作用的大小为化肥与生物黑炭配施〈有机无机肥配施〈有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施。施用生物黑炭和有机肥均可促进旱地土壤对TDN的保持能力,在TDN流失量中无机氮占61.32%~71.94%,无机氮中又以NO-3-N为主。与单施化肥相比,化肥与生物黑炭配施,有机无机肥配施,有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施均可减少NO-3-N占TDN的比例,增加NH＋4-N占TDN的比例,其中以有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施的作用更加明显。因此,在今后旱地土壤施肥中,推荐有机无机肥与生物黑炭共施。

Effects of Vegetation Coverage and Management Practice on Soil Nitrogen Loss by Erosion in a Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau in China

Soil erosion and nutrient loss due to erosion are world-wide problems. Similar to soil loss by erosion, soil nitrogen (N) loss by erosion in small catchments is affected by vegetation coverage. The practice of comprehensive management for catchments mainly by adjusting cropland, grassland and woodland areas was widely adopted to reduce soil and water loss in catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Three experiments under natural and artificial rainfall conditions on N loss by erosion for a model catchment and for an actual catchment in Zhifanggou of Ansai County in China was performed to determine the relationships between comprehensive management and N loss by runoff in small catchments. The results for vegetation coverage of 60%, 40%, 20% and 0 show that runoff loss of ammonium, nitrate, and total N were 87.08, 44.31, 25.16, 13.71 kg/km(2); 85.50, 74.06, 63.95, 56.23 kg/km(2); and 0.18, 1.18, 1.98, 7.51 t/ km(2), respectively. Due to reduction in the size of cropped area on steeply sloping land, soil N loss by erosion in the catchments was decreased by 15.8% as compared with that in 1992, i.e., from 8 758.5 kg in 1992 to 7 562.2 kg in 1998. Whereas, catchments act as a filter for ammonium and nitrate in rain, the catchment filtering effects on nitrate is remarkably higher than that on ammonium. The enrichment of < 20 mum aggregate in sediment results in the enrichment of organic matter and total N in flood sediment. Greater vegetation coverage can effectively decrease soil erosion and total N loss. However, soil mineral N loss increased as vegetation coverage increased.