河南省氮素农业面源污染风险评价与关键管控区识别

农业面源污染是我国水环境保护面临的重要问题,风险评价对于农业面源污染防治具有重要意义。本研究以河南省为研究区域,采用层次分析法的分级赋值方法,基于熵值法和专家打分确定各影响因子权重,构建河南省氮素农业面源污染风险多因子综合评价模型,计算河南省氮素农业面源污染风险指数并在流域尺度上进行验证,划分氮素农业面源污染的风险等级并识别关键管控区。结果表明:种植源、养殖源和生活源分别贡献河南省31.52%、38.47%和30.01%的氮素流失负荷,流失负荷呈现为西低,中、东部高的特点。河南省有39 429 km^(2)的区域存在中风险,约占河南省总面积的23.61%,有17 318 km^(2)的区域存在高风险,约占总面积的10.37%;划定距河流2 km以内的中、高风险区为一般管控区和重点管控区,面积分别为10 982 km^(2)和9 285 km^(2)。通过与同期水质自动监测数据进行相关分析,决定系数为0.82,表明模型模拟结果具有较高的精准度。综合结果表明,建立的多因子综合评价模型具有科学性和准确性,可用于氮素农业面源污染风险的识别。

基于层次-灰色关联法的河套灌区玉米田氮素面源污染防治技术综合评价

近年来为了实现面源污染的科学防控,研究提出了多种相应的防治技术;但因气候、土壤等条件的不同,面源污染防治技术的应用效果有很大的差异。因此,为了筛选适宜于河套灌区的面源污染防治技术,在对有机肥替代化肥、滴灌减量施肥以及综合优化施肥技术进行环境效应、生产效果、技术可操作性和可复制性评价的基础上,运用层次-灰色关联法对不同面源污染防治技术防治效果进行综合评价。结果表明,与传统施肥相比,不同面源污染防控技术均不同程度地降低了氮素流失并提高了氮肥利用率,同时能够维持或增加玉米产量。其中,综合优化施肥技术硝态氮淋失负荷平均削减43.2%,氮肥利用率平均提高149.79%,单项评价值平均为0.7500;滴灌减量施肥技术和有机肥替代化肥技术增加了必要的生产资料投入,综合优化施肥技术生产成本平均降低了21.78%,玉米产量平均增加20.54%,单项评价值为0.7290;综合优化施肥技术操作简单,因此有93.3%~97.3%的农户愿意采用此项技术,95.5%~97.5%的农户对该项技术较为熟悉,同时该项技术与当地政策的匹配程度居中,评分为85~88分,单项评分为0.9688。由层析-灰色关联法计算得出综合优化施肥技术综合评价值最高,平均为0.7649,适宜于在河套灌区面源污染防治过程中大力推广应用。研究结果可为实现区域农业绿色可持续发展提供数据支撑。

集约农区氮素面源污染防控策略研究综述

随着我国农业集约化程度越来越高,集约农区的氮素面源污染也越来越严重。本文对农业氮素面源污染的来源、氮素在水土环境中的迁移机理进行了系统分析,并从源头控制、过程阻断和末端治理等面源污染的不同环节,综合论述了目前行业内现有的面源污染防控技术体系,为集约农区氮素面源污染防控策略的筛选和制定提供支持。

淹水底泥反硝化消纳面源氮潜力的影响因子分析

微生物主导的反硝化过程,是淹水底泥农业面源氮素消纳损失的主要途径。目前关于淹水条件下各环境因子对反硝化过程的影响已有较丰富的研究,而对于水土界面普遍存在的周丛生物影响下反硝化规律尚不明确。通过淹水底泥培养实验,测定氮素反硝化速率、上覆水-周丛生物-底泥系统中影响反硝化参数共17个指标,运用PLSR模型探究各因子对底泥反硝化消纳面源氮潜力的影响,找出主控因子并避免因子间共线性问题。结果表明,上覆水中的pH、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、DOC和周丛生物中叶绿素含量(CHI)是底泥反硝化过程的主要影响因素,影响程度为上覆水>周丛生物>底泥。重视对水土界面周丛生物的研究可深入探究氮素反硝化损失的过程机制,并可为面源污染控制提供理论基础。

Effect of Paclobutrazol plus Ethephon Treatment on Endogenous Hormones and Carbon and Nitrogen Nutrients in Litchi Variety ‘Feizixiao'

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of spraying the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon on the endogenous hormones and carbon and nitrogen nutrients in litchi variety ＇Feizixiao＇.[Method] [Result] The results showed that foliar spraying of the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon could effectively inhibit litchi variety ＇Feizixiao＇ to produce winter shoots,promote the flower bud differentiation and improve flower formation rate; meanwhile,this treatment could also increase the contents of ABA and ZR,and the ratios of ABA/IAA,ABA/GA3,ZR/IAA,ZR/GA3,and decrease the contents of IAA and GA3; additionally,it could increase the contents of soluble sugar,starch and total nitrogen,and raise C/N ratio,thus improving the flower formation rate.[Conclusion] Foliar spraying of the mixture of paclobutrazol and ethephon is an effective pathway for solving warmth damage to litchi.

Food Resource Partitioning in Alpine Weasel,Steppe Polecat and Upland Buzzard:Evidence from Stable Isotope Ratios

Based on mass balance theory and IsoSource program,stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios revealed that small mammals (plateau pika,root vole and plateau zokor) contributed 26.8% and 27.0% and 29.2% to alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard of carnivores as food respectively;adult passerine birds contributed 22.3%,47.7% and 69.1%,with hatchlings contributing 50.9%,25.6% and 1.70% to each respectively.δ 13 C values plotted against δ 15 N indicated significant partitioning in two-dimensional space among the three carnivores.It was reasonable to propose a food resource partitioning among alpine weasel,steppe polecat and upland buzzard,which partially revealed their co-existence mechanisms.

The rhizosphere pH change of Pinus koraiensis seedlings as affected by N sources of different levels and its effect on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn

Dark brown forest soil was collected from the upper 20 cm soil layer in Changbai Mountain Research Station of Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The soil was amended with two different forms of nitrogen fertilizers: NO3- as Ca(NO3)2, NH4+ as NH4Cl at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 respectively. The experiment was carried out with 2-yr-old Pinus koraiensis seedlings in pot. The pH change of rhizosphere soil and the contents of available Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in soil and leaves were analyzed. The result indicated that the addition of NH4--N decreased the rhizosphere pH value, while the addition of NO3--N increased the rhizosphere pH value in contrast with the control treatment. The direction and extent of the pH change mainly depended on N source and its concentrations applied. The rhizosphere pH change had a remarkable influence on the availability of the micronutrients in the rhizosphere, and thereafter affected the nutrient uptake by the seedlings. The contents of available mineral nutrients had a negative correlation with the pH value in the rhizosphere soil. The contents of available mineral nutrients in leaves were positively correlated to the levels of the available nutrients in the rhizosphere soils.

豇豆叶霉病菌生物学特性的研究

豇豆叶霉病菌,即菜豆尾孢(Cercospra cruenia Sacc)在供试的7种半组合和3种组合培养基上都不形成分生孢子,但菌丝在其上均可生长,以豇豆叶葡萄糖琼脂培养基和V—8汁琼脂培养基为生长最佳培养基。不同碳源、氮源对菌丝生长的影响也不同,其中,2—甲基—D—葡萄糖苷和硝酸钙;硝酸钾、硝酸钠分别为生长的最佳碳源和氮源。菌丝生长的温度范围是5～35℃,以25℃～30℃为最佳。不同的光照处理(1000lux荧光)对菌丝生长无显著影响。菌丝在p H2～11.40的0.1M磷酸缓冲液中均可生长,以p H7～8为最适生长酸碱度,0.1M磷酸缓冲液较0.1M柠檬酸缓冲液利于菌丝生长。

Studies on optimization of nitrogen sources for astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma

Fermentation of Phaffia rhodozyma is a major method for producing astaxanthin, an important pigment with industrial and pharmaceutical application. To improve astaxanthin productivity, single factor and mixture design experiments were used to investigate the effects of nitrogen source on Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation and astaxanthin production. Results of single factor experiments showed nitrogen source could significantly affect P. rhodozyma cultivation with respect to carbon source utilization, yeast growth and astaxanthin accumulation. Further studies of mixture design experiments using (NH4)2SO4, KNO3 and beef extract as nitrogen sources indicated that the proportion of three nitrogen sources was very important to astaxanthin production. Validation experiments showed that the optimal nitrogen source was composed of 0.28 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 0.49 g/L KNO3 and 1.19 g/L beef extract. The kinetic characteristics of batch cultivation were investigated in a 5-L pH-stat fermentor. The maximum amount of biomass and highest astaxanthin yield in terms of volume and in terms of biomass were 7.71 mg/L and 1.00 mg/g, respectively.

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Yangtze River Delta:insights gained from the nitrogen content and isotopic composition of the moss Haplocladium microphyllum

Simple and inexpensive estimation of the rates and sources of atmospheric nitrogen(N)deposition is critical for its effective mitigation in a region with different land-use types.In this study,the N content and N isotopic composition(δ15N)of moss(Haplocladium microphyllum)tissues and precipitation at six sites with three land-use types(urban,suburban,and rural)were measured in the Yangtze River Delta.A significant linear relationship between moss N content and wet N deposition,and a consistent decrease trend for moss N content and wet N deposition from urban to suburban to rural areas were observed.More negativeδ15N of suburban and rural mosses indicated N mainly released from agriculture and effluent,while the less negativeδ15N of urban mosses were mainly influenced by fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions.Although the negative mossδ15N indicates that reduced N dominates wet N deposition,there was no significant correlation between mossδ15N and the ratio of ammonium to nitrate(NH4+/NO3−).These results reveal that the moss N content andδ15N can be used as a complementary tool for estimating the rates and sources of wet N deposition in a region with different land-use types.

Nitrogen Sources Affect Streptolydigin Production and Related Secondary Metabolites Distribution of Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501

The effects of nitrogen sources on streptolydigin production and distribution of secondary metabolites were investigated for flask cultured S.lydicus AS 4.2501.When peptone,asparamide,and glutamic acid were ex- amined as the nitrogen source,respectively,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)and photodiode array(PDA)analyses revealed the formation of two analogues of streptolydigin in the fermentation broth.When soybean meal was used as the source of nitrogen,three analogues of streptolydigin were detected.The use of am- monium sulfate as a source of nitrogen resulted in a lower pH value of the fermentation system,thus inhibiting streptolydigin biosynthesis and changing the metabolic profiling.Among the nitrogen sources that were made use of,glutamic acid was most favorable to the formation of streptolydigin.Simultaneously,this study also showed that the changing nitrogen sources resulted in altering the production and relative ratios of streptolydigin and its analogues.

Applicability of an eddy covariance system based on a close-path quantum cascade laser spectrometer for measuring nitrous oxide fluxes from subtropical vegetable fields

The soil of subtropical vegetable fields is an important source of the atmospheric greenhouse gas nitrous oxide（N2O）. In a field study in subtropical China, the authors used an eddy covariance（EC）system based on a close-path quantum cascade laser（QCL） spectrometer to measure N2O fluxes from a vegetable field. During the experimental period from 9 October 2014 to 18 February 2015,the observed half-hourly N2O fluxes ranged from.10.7 to 1077.4 μg N m^-2h^-1, with a mean value of99.3 μg N m^-2h^-1. The detection limit（95% confidence level） of the EC system for half-hourly fluxes was estimated at 18.5 μg N m^-2h^-1, i.e. smaller than 97.5% of all measured fluxes, and within the range of the lower limit of reported N2O emissions from subtropical vegetable fields. The random uncertainties in the half-hourly fluxes were estimated at 60% on average, of which 62% was due to stochastic variations caused by turbulence and 38% by instrumental noise. The flux systematic uncertainties were estimated at.18% on average, mainly due to the spectral attenuation; however,this negative bias had already been corrected for by calculating half-hourly fluxes. In conclusion,the close-path QCL-based EC technique is capable of measuring the N2O fluxes from the subtropical vegetable fields of China with high reliability and accuracy.

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND ASTAXANTHIN ACCUMULATION IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS

This study on dynamic changes of culture color, astaxanthin and chlorophylls, inorganic N including N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 in batch culture of Haematococcus pluvialis exposed to different additive nitrate concentration showed (1) ast/chl ratio was over 0.8 for brown and red algae, but was usually less than 0.5 for green and yellow algae; (2) N NO - 3, in general, was unstable and decreased, except for a small unexpected increase in nitrate enriched treatment groups; (3) measurable amounts of N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 were observed respectively with three change modes although no external nitrite and ammonia were added into the culture; (4) a non linear correlation between ast/chl ratio (or color) changes and the levels of N NO - 3 , N NO - 2 , N NH + 4 in H. pluvialis culture; (5) up and down variation of the ast/chl ratio occurred simultaneously with a perceptible color change from yellow to brown (or red) when N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 fluctuated around 30, 5, 5 μmol/L respectively; (6) existence of three dynamic modes of N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 changes, obviously associated with initial external nitrate; (7) the key level of total inorganic N concentration regulating the above physiological changes during indoor cultivation was about 50 μmol/L; and (8) 0.5-10 mmol/L of nitrate was theoretically conducive to cell growth in batch culture.

Responses of Halophyte Salicornia bigelovii to Different Forms of Nitrogen Source

Salt-affected soils are agricultural and environmental problems on a global scale. Plants suffer from saline stresses in these soils and show nitrogen （N） deficiency symptoms. However, halophytes grow soundly under saline conditions. In order to clarify the N nutrition of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii, it was grown at several N levels （1, 2, 3, and 4 mmol L-1）, supplied in the form of NO3 or ammonium （NH4＋）, under high NaCl conditions （200 mmol L-l）. NH4^＋- fed plants showed better growth than NO3-fed plants at 1-3 mmol L-1N, and plants in both treatments showed the same growth at 4 mmol L-1 N. Nitrogen contents in NO3-fed plants increased with the N concentrations in solution; competitive inhibition of NO3- absorption by Cl- was observed under lower N conditions. In addition, shoot dry weight was significantly correlated only with shoot N content. Therefore, growth of NO3-fed plants was regulated by N absorption. In contrast, N contents of shoots in NH4＋-fed plants did not change with N concentration. Shoot Na content decreased with increasing N concentration, while K content increased. Dry weight was highly correlated only with K content in NH4＋-fed plants. These observations indicated that growth of NH4＋-fed plants was mainly regulated by K absorption.

Effects of Exogenous Nutrient Additions on Azodye Wastewater Treatment

Since the azo dyes widely used in textile-dyeing industry are toxic, highly persistent, and ubiquitously distributed in the environment, their treatment efficiencies and fade in ecosystems have received worldwide attention. Due to the microbes play important roles in azo-dye degradation, exogenous nutrient addition is used as a promising biostimulation strategy to improve the treatment efficiencies of azo-dye wastewater. However, little is known about the effects of different kinds of exogenous nutrients on the azo-dye wastewater treatment directly. Here, three kinds of common nutrients, glucose, starch and yeast extract, were added to the sequencing batch reactors （SBR） for the treatment of wastewater containing acid red 73 to compare the biostimulation efficiencies by investigating the dye＇s removal efficiencies and the changes of related water qualities. Our results showed that the reactors added yeast extract had highest removal efficiencies and chemical oxygen demand （COD） as well, followed by glucose and starch. The removal rates of acid red 73 and COD were 90.63% and 8713% in the reactors added yeast extract, respectively, while 86.49% and 78.4% in those with glucose and 85.38% and 75.2% in those with starch. This study provided some useful information for the biostimulation strategy of azo-dye wastewater treatment and preliminarily suggested that yeast extract would be the optimal choice.