氮营养水平对植烟土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响

田间试验研究了植烟土壤不同土层养分含量及土壤酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：在同一氮水平条件下,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤脲酶,蛋白酶,转化酶活性均呈降低趋势,通过方差分析可知,各处理间差异达到5%显著水平;0~40 cm土层范围内,随着施氮量的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量也增加,土壤脲酶活性增加,而蛋白酶活性呈降低趋势,转化酶活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,且在该土层范围内,酶与土壤养分之间存在显著或极显著的相关关系;60~80 cm土层范围内,氮对土壤养分及土壤酶的影响能力相对降低。以上说明在植烟土壤-土壤养分-土壤酶相互作用的系统中,土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性明显受氮营养水平和土层深度的共同影响。

氮营养水平对秋马铃薯块茎发育中淀粉合成关键酶的影响

【目的】研究在秋季栽植条件下不同氮营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中淀粉合成关键酶的影响。【方法】以高、低两类淀粉型品种为试验材料,4种氮营养水平处理,块茎形成后每隔7d取样测定块茎发育过程中的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)和结合性淀粉合成酶(GBSS),探讨他们之间的内在联系。【结果】结果表明:随着生育期的推进,各马铃薯块茎中不同施氮水平下的ADPGPPase、SSS、GBSS、SBE,呈现先逐渐增加,达到最大值后又开始下降的单峰曲线变化趋势,各施氮水平组的淀粉合成酶活性均在出苗后54～61d左右达到最大值。随着施氮量的增加,ADPGPPase、SSS也出现先升后降的单峰曲线变化趋势,而对于GBSS和SBE的影响,品种间表现差异。低淀粉品种CY-117的ADPGPPase、SSS的含量在各施氮水平下均高于高淀粉品种QS-2,具有较高的ADPGPPase、SSS活性。在氮营养影响条件下,SSS活性与淀粉总含量和支链淀粉的含量极显著正相关(r总淀粉=0.86**,r支链淀粉=0.83**),而与直链淀粉含量相关不大。【结论】氮营养主要是通过影响SSS的活性来实现对马铃薯块茎淀粉含量的影响。

氮营养水平对烤烟根际土壤酶活性及烟叶内在品质的影响

田间试验研究了不同时期烤烟根际各土层土壤酶活性变化规律及其不同施氮量对烟叶品质的影响。结果表明：0～20cm土层范围内，施氮可以提高圆顶期、采烤期及采烤结束后土壤脲酶、转化酶的活性，但当施氮量超过52．5kg hm^-2时，脲酶、转化酶的活性反而降低；土壤蛋白酶活性均在37．5kg hm^-2处理达到最大值，且随着施氮量的增多大都呈现降低的趋势。20—80cm土层范围内，土壤脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶活性变化规律并不一致。对于烤后烟叶，施氮量为52．5kg hm^-2的烟叶，糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比均比较适宜，化学成分较为协调，燃烧性较好，有利于优质烟叶品质的形成。说明在该地区的试验条件下，水稻土种植烤烟最适宜的施氮量为52．5kg hm^-2。

Variation Dynamics of Total Nitrogen and Nicotine of Burley Tobacco at Various Growing Stages under Different Nitrogen Nutrition Levels

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation dynamics of total nitrogen and nicotine of burtey tobacco at various growing stages under different ni- trogen nutrition levels to provide reference for optimizing fertilization technologies for burley tobacco. [Method] Fresh burley tobacco leaves were collected at various growing stages and dried to measure the content of total nitrogen, protein and nico- tine by using INTEGRAL automated chemical analyzer and analyze the correlation with nitrogen application level. [Result] Regardless of the nitrogen application level, the content of total nitrogen and protein showed a downward trend since root ex- tending stage and reached the minimum at mature stage; the content of nicotine showed an upward trend since early vigorous growing stage and increased to the maximum at mature stage; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine all in- creased after air curing; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine showed positive correlation with nitrogen application level, while total nitrogen/nicotine was negatively correlated. The results indicate that nitrogen level is closely related to the total nitrogen and nicotine of burley tobacco at growing period and post-air curing, rational application of nitrogen is an important measure to regulate the content of total nitrogen and nicotine of tobacco. [Conclusion] This study provides scientific ba- sis for rational fertilization of burley tobacco.

Genotypic variations in nitrogen use efficiency of rice cultivars at various levels of nitrogen under subtropical environment

Insufficient N supply is an important constraint to productivity of lowland rice. Studies on N nutrition of rice cultivars with different durations representing the north western part of Indo-Gangetic Plains are scanty. A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 at PAU, Ludhiana to assess the differences in grain yield and N utilization of three popular rice cultivars at varying N doses. Significant differences among genotypes were observed in grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency and N utilization efficiency. The cultivar PAU-201 was found to be superior among all the tested genotypes. Total N uptake and grain N uptake was highest in cultivar PAU-201 followed by cultivars PR-115 and PR-113. On an average, the response to applied N for grain yield was observed upto 90 kg N ha1. Grain yield increased significantly up to 90 kg N hal in cultivars PR-115 and PAU-201 and up to 120 kg N ha1 in PR-113. Apparent recovery efficiency （ARE） and Partial factor productivity （PFPN） of N was significantly reduced at higher level of N （150 kg N hal）. It was concluded that N uptake is predominant factor in grain yield formation and cultivars differ in NUE suggesting that it may be possible to develop cultivars that are efficient at low nutrient level or are capable of using N more efficiently when applied as fertilizer.

胡晗华、饶志明等获本刊优秀论文奖

根据我部决定(见本刊1999年第2期第159页)和有关专家推选评定，胡晗华、石岩峻、丛威、蔡昭铃的论文《不同氮磷水平下中肋骨条藻对营养盐的吸收及光合特性》[2004，10(6)：735～739]和饯志明、赵有玺、李辉、王正祥、沈微、方惠英、诸葛健的论文《太湖流域土壤微生物基因组总DNA分离纯化及其质粒文库的初步构建》[2004，10(6)：774～777]获本刊2004年第5期优秀论文奖。