[Objective] The aim of this work was to analyze the N fertilization on the vegetative growth and N uptake of different winter rapeseed varieties at wintering stage. [Method] In two consecutive years （2009-2011）, two...[Objective] The aim of this work was to analyze the N fertilization on the vegetative growth and N uptake of different winter rapeseed varieties at wintering stage. [Method] In two consecutive years （2009-2011）, two winter rapeseed varieties （B. napus L.）, an early maturity variety Zhongyou 116 （ZY116） and a middle-late application maturity variety Zhongyouza 12 （ZYZ12） were employed. Field experiments with different N levels （0, 90, 180, 270, 360 kg N/hm 2 ） were designed. At the wintering stage, the dry matter weight, the nitrogen content and concentration of plants, leaf nitrate reductase activity （NRA） and seed yields were investigated. [Result] The shoot dry matter of ZY116 increased rapidly when N rate ranged from 0 to 180 kg/hm 2 , and it raised slightly when N rate ranged from 180 to 360 kg/hm 2 . The shoot dry matter of ZYZ12 were changed in a single peak curve; the peak of shoot dry matter appeared at 270 kg N/hm 2 . The N concentration and N content in shoot and root increased rapidly when the N rate changed from 90 to 180 kg/hm 2 . Moreover, the N concentration and N content root of in ZYZ12 were much higher than that of ZY116. Present study revealed that the changed trend of leaf nitrate reductase activities （NRA） were significantly increased at the N rate of 180 kg/hm 2 in ZY116 and ZYZ12 compared with the N rate of 90 kg/hm 2 in two years. [Conclusion] Optimal nitrogen application significantly increased the dry weights and N uptake at wintering stage as well as increasing the yield of winter oilseed rape.展开更多
The physical stresses associated with emersion have long been considered major factors determining the vertical zona- tion of intertidal seaweeds. We examined Porphyra umbilicalis （Linnaeus） Kiitzing thalli from the...The physical stresses associated with emersion have long been considered major factors determining the vertical zona- tion of intertidal seaweeds. We examined Porphyra umbilicalis （Linnaeus） Kiitzing thalli from the vertical extremes in elevation of an intertidal population （i.e. upper and lower intertidal zones） to determine whether Porphyra thalli acclimate to different vertical elevations on the shore with different patterns of nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamine synthetase （GS） activities in response to different degrees of emersion stress. We found that the nitrate uptake and NR recovery in the emersed tissues took longer in lower intertidal sub-population than in upper intertidal sub-population; and GS activity was also significantly affected by emersion and, interestingly, such an activity was enhanced by emersion of thalli from both upper and lower intertidal zones. These results sug- gested that intta-population variability in post-emersion recovery of physiological functions such as nutrient uptake and NR activity enables local adaptation and contributes to the wide vertical distribution ofP. umbilicalis. The high GS activity during periodic emer- sion stress may be a protective mechanism enabling P umbilicalis to assimilate nitrogen quickly when it again becomes available, and may also be an evidence ofphotorespiration during emersion.展开更多
Ammonium(NH+4) is the main nitrogen(N) form for rice crops, while NH+4near the root surface can be oxidized to nitrate(NO-3)by NH+4-oxidizing bacteria. Nitrate can be accumulated within rice tissues and reused when N ...Ammonium(NH+4) is the main nitrogen(N) form for rice crops, while NH+4near the root surface can be oxidized to nitrate(NO-3)by NH+4-oxidizing bacteria. Nitrate can be accumulated within rice tissues and reused when N supply is insufficient. We compared the remobilization of NO-3stored in the tissue and vacuolar between two rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Yangdao 6(YD6, indica)with a high N use efficiency(NUE) and Wuyujing 3(WYJ3, japonica) with a low NUE and measured the uptake of NO-3, expression of nitrate reductase(NR), NO-3transporter genes(NRTs), and NR activity after 4 d of N starvation following 7-d cultivation in a solution containing 2.86 mmol L-1NO-3. The results showed that both tissue NO-3concentration and vacuolar NO-3activity were higher in YD6 than WYJ3 under N starvation. YD6 showed a 2- to 3-fold higher expression of OsNRT2.1 in roots on the 1st and 4th day of N starvation and had significantly higher values of NO-3uptake(maximum uptake velocity, Vmax) than the cultivar WYJ3.Furthermore, YD6 had significantly higher leaf and root maximum NR activity(NRAmax) and actual NR activity(NRAact) as well as stronger root expression of the two NR genes after the 1st day of N starvation. There were no significant differences in NRAmax and NRAact between the two rice cultivars on the 4th day of N starvation. The results suggested that YD6 had stronger NRA under N starvation, which might result in better NO-3re-utilization from the vacuole, and higher capacity for NO-3uptake and use, potentially explaining the higher NUE of YD6 compared with WYJ3.展开更多
Objective:To observe the effects of laurocapram and borneol as transdermal penetration enhancers applied to herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on liver lipids,hormone-sensitive lipase(HSL)and hydroxymethylglutaryl Co...Objective:To observe the effects of laurocapram and borneol as transdermal penetration enhancers applied to herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on liver lipids,hormone-sensitive lipase(HSL)and hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA(HMG-CoA)reductase in hyperlipidemia rabbits.Methods:Forty New-Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups using the random number table method,with 8 rats in each group.Rabbits in the blank group were fed routinely with a normal diet;rabbits in the other groups were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish the hyperlipidemia model.Rabbits in the blank and the model groups were not given any intervention.After the model was prepared successfully,rabbits in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group received herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion without transdermal penetration enhancers;rabbits in the laurocapram group and the borneol group received herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion with laurocapram or borneol respectively.After 4 weeks of treatment,the serum was isolated and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was applied for the detection of HSL and HMG-CoA reductase.The liver tissues were isolated,and total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides(TG)were measured by enzymatic methods.One-step method was applied for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)detection,and transmission turbidimetry was for apolipoprotein A1(Apo-A1)and apolipoprotein B(Apo-B)detection.Results:The serum concentrations of the drugs in the laurocapram and the borneol groups were significantly higher than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(both P<0.05);all drug penetrations in the borneol group were significantly higher than those in the laurocapram group(both P<0.05),except for tanshinoneⅡA.Compared with the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group,the HSL was significantly increased while the HMG-CoA reductase was significantly decreased in the laurocapram and the borneol groups(both P<0.05);between groups,the HSL in the borneol group was significantly higher than that in the laurocapram group(P<0.05).Compared with the blank group,the levels of LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in rabbit liver were significantly increased in the model group(P<0.05);compared with the model group,the levels of LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer,the laurocapram,and the borneol groups were significantly decreased(all P<0.05);between groups,the TG and TC in the laurocapram group and the LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in the borneol group were significantly lower than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(all P<0.05),and the TG,LDL-C and Apo-B in the borneol group were significantly lower than those in the laurocapram group(all P<0.05).Compared with the blank group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 were significantly decreased in the model group(both P<0.05),while compared with the model group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 were significantly increased in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer,the laurocapram,and the borneol groups(all P<0.05).Between groups,the Apo-A1 in the laurocapram group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 in the borneol group were significantly higher than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(all P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of laurocapram and borneol,as transdermal penetration enhancers,in herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion can promote the penetration of the drugs in the herbal cake,increase the levels of HDL-C and Apo-A1,improve the metabolism of HSL and HMG-CoA reductase,and also simultaneously reduce the levels of TC,TG,LDL-C and Apo-B in the liver.The transdermal penetration enhancement effect of borneol is slightly better than or equivalent to that of laurocapram.展开更多
基金Supported by the Special Funds for Modern Agricultural (oilseed rape) Technical System (MATS) of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31071372)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this work was to analyze the N fertilization on the vegetative growth and N uptake of different winter rapeseed varieties at wintering stage. [Method] In two consecutive years （2009-2011）, two winter rapeseed varieties （B. napus L.）, an early maturity variety Zhongyou 116 （ZY116） and a middle-late application maturity variety Zhongyouza 12 （ZYZ12） were employed. Field experiments with different N levels （0, 90, 180, 270, 360 kg N/hm 2 ） were designed. At the wintering stage, the dry matter weight, the nitrogen content and concentration of plants, leaf nitrate reductase activity （NRA） and seed yields were investigated. [Result] The shoot dry matter of ZY116 increased rapidly when N rate ranged from 0 to 180 kg/hm 2 , and it raised slightly when N rate ranged from 180 to 360 kg/hm 2 . The shoot dry matter of ZYZ12 were changed in a single peak curve; the peak of shoot dry matter appeared at 270 kg N/hm 2 . The N concentration and N content in shoot and root increased rapidly when the N rate changed from 90 to 180 kg/hm 2 . Moreover, the N concentration and N content root of in ZYZ12 were much higher than that of ZY116. Present study revealed that the changed trend of leaf nitrate reductase activities （NRA） were significantly increased at the N rate of 180 kg/hm 2 in ZY116 and ZYZ12 compared with the N rate of 90 kg/hm 2 in two years. [Conclusion] Optimal nitrogen application significantly increased the dry weights and N uptake at wintering stage as well as increasing the yield of winter oilseed rape.
基金supported by grants to C.Yarish from the Perkin Elmer Analytical Division of E,G & G,Wellesley,MA,USA,Connecticut Sea Grant College Program (2001-2003)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Aquaculture Initiative (DOC/U.S.A.+2 种基金2001-2004)awards to J.K. Kim from the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,University of Connecticut (Ronald Bamford Award)from the Connecticut Museum of Natural History (Henry N. Andrew and Francis Rice Trainor Awards)
文摘The physical stresses associated with emersion have long been considered major factors determining the vertical zona- tion of intertidal seaweeds. We examined Porphyra umbilicalis （Linnaeus） Kiitzing thalli from the vertical extremes in elevation of an intertidal population （i.e. upper and lower intertidal zones） to determine whether Porphyra thalli acclimate to different vertical elevations on the shore with different patterns of nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamine synthetase （GS） activities in response to different degrees of emersion stress. We found that the nitrate uptake and NR recovery in the emersed tissues took longer in lower intertidal sub-population than in upper intertidal sub-population; and GS activity was also significantly affected by emersion and, interestingly, such an activity was enhanced by emersion of thalli from both upper and lower intertidal zones. These results sug- gested that intta-population variability in post-emersion recovery of physiological functions such as nutrient uptake and NR activity enables local adaptation and contributes to the wide vertical distribution ofP. umbilicalis. The high GS activity during periodic emer- sion stress may be a protective mechanism enabling P umbilicalis to assimilate nitrogen quickly when it again becomes available, and may also be an evidence ofphotorespiration during emersion.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.200903001-5)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)of China+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK2010440)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.20110491439)
文摘Ammonium(NH+4) is the main nitrogen(N) form for rice crops, while NH+4near the root surface can be oxidized to nitrate(NO-3)by NH+4-oxidizing bacteria. Nitrate can be accumulated within rice tissues and reused when N supply is insufficient. We compared the remobilization of NO-3stored in the tissue and vacuolar between two rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Yangdao 6(YD6, indica)with a high N use efficiency(NUE) and Wuyujing 3(WYJ3, japonica) with a low NUE and measured the uptake of NO-3, expression of nitrate reductase(NR), NO-3transporter genes(NRTs), and NR activity after 4 d of N starvation following 7-d cultivation in a solution containing 2.86 mmol L-1NO-3. The results showed that both tissue NO-3concentration and vacuolar NO-3activity were higher in YD6 than WYJ3 under N starvation. YD6 showed a 2- to 3-fold higher expression of OsNRT2.1 in roots on the 1st and 4th day of N starvation and had significantly higher values of NO-3uptake(maximum uptake velocity, Vmax) than the cultivar WYJ3.Furthermore, YD6 had significantly higher leaf and root maximum NR activity(NRAmax) and actual NR activity(NRAact) as well as stronger root expression of the two NR genes after the 1st day of N starvation. There were no significant differences in NRAmax and NRAact between the two rice cultivars on the 4th day of N starvation. The results suggested that YD6 had stronger NRA under N starvation, which might result in better NO-3re-utilization from the vacuole, and higher capacity for NO-3uptake and use, potentially explaining the higher NUE of YD6 compared with WYJ3.
文摘Objective:To observe the effects of laurocapram and borneol as transdermal penetration enhancers applied to herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on liver lipids,hormone-sensitive lipase(HSL)and hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA(HMG-CoA)reductase in hyperlipidemia rabbits.Methods:Forty New-Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups using the random number table method,with 8 rats in each group.Rabbits in the blank group were fed routinely with a normal diet;rabbits in the other groups were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks to establish the hyperlipidemia model.Rabbits in the blank and the model groups were not given any intervention.After the model was prepared successfully,rabbits in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group received herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion without transdermal penetration enhancers;rabbits in the laurocapram group and the borneol group received herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion with laurocapram or borneol respectively.After 4 weeks of treatment,the serum was isolated and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was applied for the detection of HSL and HMG-CoA reductase.The liver tissues were isolated,and total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides(TG)were measured by enzymatic methods.One-step method was applied for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)detection,and transmission turbidimetry was for apolipoprotein A1(Apo-A1)and apolipoprotein B(Apo-B)detection.Results:The serum concentrations of the drugs in the laurocapram and the borneol groups were significantly higher than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(both P<0.05);all drug penetrations in the borneol group were significantly higher than those in the laurocapram group(both P<0.05),except for tanshinoneⅡA.Compared with the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group,the HSL was significantly increased while the HMG-CoA reductase was significantly decreased in the laurocapram and the borneol groups(both P<0.05);between groups,the HSL in the borneol group was significantly higher than that in the laurocapram group(P<0.05).Compared with the blank group,the levels of LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in rabbit liver were significantly increased in the model group(P<0.05);compared with the model group,the levels of LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer,the laurocapram,and the borneol groups were significantly decreased(all P<0.05);between groups,the TG and TC in the laurocapram group and the LDL-C,TG,TC and Apo-B in the borneol group were significantly lower than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(all P<0.05),and the TG,LDL-C and Apo-B in the borneol group were significantly lower than those in the laurocapram group(all P<0.05).Compared with the blank group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 were significantly decreased in the model group(both P<0.05),while compared with the model group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 were significantly increased in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer,the laurocapram,and the borneol groups(all P<0.05).Between groups,the Apo-A1 in the laurocapram group,the HDL-C and Apo-A1 in the borneol group were significantly higher than those in the non-transdermal penetration enhancer group(all P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of laurocapram and borneol,as transdermal penetration enhancers,in herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion can promote the penetration of the drugs in the herbal cake,increase the levels of HDL-C and Apo-A1,improve the metabolism of HSL and HMG-CoA reductase,and also simultaneously reduce the levels of TC,TG,LDL-C and Apo-B in the liver.The transdermal penetration enhancement effect of borneol is slightly better than or equivalent to that of laurocapram.
