精制棉与硝化工艺对硝化棉含氮量及其分布均匀性的影响

采用北京理工大学自主研发的硝化棉(NC)含氮量及其分布均匀性测试仪,从精制棉聚合度、硝化时间和硝化体系中的HNO3含量三方面考察了硝化棉含氮量及氮量分布均匀性的变化规律。首次把纤维在硝化过程中的膨润程度作为一个指标进行分析。实验结果表明:在可比条件下精制棉的聚合度对所制备的NC含氮量无显著影响,而精制棉的聚合度越小,所制备NC的氮量分布越均匀;随硝化时间延长,NC含氮量先逐渐增大,在硝化时间为30 m in时达到最大值,之后继续延长硝化时间,NC含氮量呈轻微下降趋势;NC的氮量分布指数Dξ值起初随硝化时间延长而减小,在硝化时间为30 m in时取得最小值,之后继续延长硝化时间,Dξ值又逐渐变大;在所研究的范围内,随着硝化体系中HNO3含量的增大,NC的含氮量逐渐增大。硝化体系中HNO3含量过大或过小时,所得NC的氮量分布均匀性都较差,而当HNO3含量为20.8%左右时,所得NC的氮量分布均匀性最好;在考察精制棉聚合度、硝化时间和硝化体系中的HNO3含量三方面因素对硝化结果的影响规律时都发现,纤维的膨润程度是影响NC氮量分布均匀性的最直接原因,纤维膨润程度(平均直径)越大,所得到NC的氮量分布均匀性越好。

硝化工艺及原料的预处理对硝化棉含氮量及其分布均匀性的影响

采用硝化棉(NC)含氮量及其分布均匀性测试仪,考察了硝化系数、精制棉的膨润预处理和超声预处理三因素对硝化棉含氮量及氮量分布均匀性的影响规律。结果表明,NC的含氮量随硝化系数的增大而增大。当硝化系数分别为40、50和80时,NC含氮量分布值Dξ较小,当硝化系数为20或100时,Dξ值均显著增大;采用硫脲和尿素水溶液预处理精制棉,对NC的含氮量没有影响,但可使NC的氮量分布变窄;随着精制棉超声处理时间的延长,NC的含氮量逐渐增大。当超声波处理时间分别为10和30 min时,NC的含氮量分布明显变宽,NC的相对分子质量降低。当处理时间为60 min时,NC的氮量分布与未处理前相比略微变窄,NC的相对分子质量略有增大。

硝化剂及预处理条件对软木NC氮量及其分布影响

以加拿大针叶木为原料、采用硝硫混酸和HNO3/CH2Cl2两种硝化剂分别制备了A、B、C、D级硝化纤维素(NC)样品,通过偏光显微镜分析测试了其含氮量及氮量分布(硝化均匀性)。同时采用不同的高压闪爆预处理条件,对针叶木进行预处理,比较了闪爆对高氮量B、低氮量D级NC的含氮量及氮量分布,系统研究了硝化剂体系组成及原料预处理条件对NC的含氮量及其分布影响规律。结果表明,在同样氮量级别,HNO3/CH2Cl2硝化体系比HNO3/H2SO4/H2O得到的NC氮量分布更均匀,A、B、C与D级NC的均匀性分别提高17.46%、16.98%、16.77%和25.79%;同一硝化剂体系,闪爆有利于硝化剂向软木纤维素纤维束内部扩散,能提高NC含氮量及氮量分布均匀性,B级NC,其均匀性提高6.06%,D级NC则提高7.56%。

精制棉的膨润预处理对硝化棉氮量及分布均匀性的影响

采用北京理工大学研发的硝化棉(NC)含氮量及其分布均匀性测试仪,考察了膨润时间、温度、膨润剂浓度和种类对精制棉膨润效果以及以此为原料制备的NC含氮量及其分布均匀性的影响规律.结果表明:在所研究的范围内,最佳的膨润时间为1.0h,膨润剂的质量分数为8%,膨润效果按照递减顺序排列为:硝酸钾>尿素>乙酸钠>水杨酸钠>硫脲,间苯二酚;低温条件有利于精制棉的膨润.精制棉的膨润程度越高,NC的氮量分布越均匀.

硝化体系及温度对硝化棉含氮量均匀性的影响

以精制棉为原料,采用HNO3/H2SO4/H2O和HNO3/CH2Cl2两种硝化剂体系制备硝化纤维素,通过偏光显微镜分析测试了硝化产品的氮量及氮量分布(硝化均匀性),系统研究了硝化体系组成及硝化温度对硝化棉氮量及均匀性影响规律。研究结果表明:HNO3/H2SO4/H2O体系中水含量的增加会显著降低硝化棉产物含氮量,但适当增加水含量有利于得到氮量分布更为均匀的硝化棉;硫酸含量高的体系,制得的硝化棉氮量高,但硝化的均匀性变差;硝化棉含氮量均匀性随HNO3/CH2Cl2中HNO3含量增加先升高、后下降直至保持不变;增加硝化温度,有利于酯化试剂扩散,硝化棉含氮量分布均匀性有所增强。

Storage,Patterns and Controls of Soil Nitrogen in China

Soil holds the largest nitrogen(N)pool in terrestrial ecosystems,but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China's Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau.China's soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg,with an average density of 0.84 kg m^(-2).Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country.Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China,and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country.An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation,which explained 75.4% of the total variance.

The Vertical Distribution Law of Underground Biomass of Reed

[Objective]The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between the reed and salinity in severely salinized area,so as to making clear the vertical distribution of underground biomass of reed.[Method]Field investigation and sampling method were used to get the mass accurate data of underground biomass of reed.further its vertical distribution was analyzed using combined statistical and ecological method.Moreover,the C/N ratio was obtained by measuring the contents of organic carbon and nitrogen in reed wetland soil.The correlation model among organic carbon,nitrogen of reed wetlands and C/N were finally analyzed.[Result]Total underground biomass of reed population is concentrated at 10 to 40 cm underground soil layer.Thick root plays crucial role in the composition of reed total biomass,Overall change of organic carbon and total nitrogen shows a declining trend.The content of organic carbon and nitrogen in soils becpmes stable below 50 cm from the surface.The content of organic carbon in soil is positively correlated with total nitrogen in soil at significant level.[Conclusion]These results provided theoretical basis for revealing underground biomass of reed in salinized area of arid region.

Variation in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus partitioning between above-and belowground biomass along a precipitation gradient at Tibetan Plateau

Precipitation is a potential factor that significantly affects plant nutrient pools by influencing biomass sizes and nutrient concentrations. However, few studies have explicitly dissected carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) pools between above- and belowground biomass at the community level along a precipitation gradient. We conducted a transect(approx. 1300 km long) study of Stipa purpurea community in alpine steppe on the Tibet Plateau of China to test the variation of N pool of aboveground biomass/N pool of belowground biomass(AB/BB N) and P pool of aboveground biomass/P pool of belowground biomass(AB/BB P) along a precipitation gradient. The proportion of aboveground biomass decreased significantly from mesic to drier sites. Along the belt transect, the plant N concentration was relatively stable; thus, AB/BB N increased with moisture due to the major influences by above- and belowground biomass allocation. However, P concentration of aboveground biomass decreased significantly with increasing precipitation and AB/BB P did not vary with aridity because of the offset effect of the P concentration and biomass allocation. Precipitation gradients do decouple the N and P pool of a S. purpurea community along a precipitation gradient in alpine steppe. The decreasing of N:P in aboveground biomass in drier regions may indicate much stronger N limitation in more arid area.