氮钾肥施用量对番茄品质的影响

针对番茄生产中存在的病虫害加重、产量较低等情况,探究了不同氮钾肥施用量对番茄产量和品质的影响。本试验在同等磷肥水平的基础上,研究了不同氮钾肥施用量下番茄的植株直径和产量,记录了番茄果实色泽以及脐腐病的发生情况,并测定了番茄果实的VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、柠檬酸等指标。结果表明,在番茄生长发育过程中,氮、钾的交互作用最为显著,且呈现出正效应;氮钾比为1∶1.6时,植株成熟直径最大,为45.37 mm,产量最高可达1339.69 g/株。各处理在VC、硝酸盐、可溶性糖、有机酸含量和糖酸比等方面无显著差异。

双季连作晚稻免耕抛秧氮钾肥施用技术的研究

研究了不同氮钾施用量对免耕抛秧双季连作晚稻的产量效应。研究表明,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生和叶面积的扩展,增加单位面积的有效穗数,但成穗率下降;增施钾肥可适当提高单位面积的有效穗数和成穗率;各施氮处理水稻根系活力和剑叶叶绿素含量均明显高于无氮处理;随着氮肥用量的增加,水稻干物质的积累量增加,而收获指数减少;等氮条件,增施钾肥对水稻干物质的积累基本没有影响,但提高了氮肥的吸收利用率;氮肥的吸收利用率开始随着施氮量的增加而提高,至中氮处理达最大值,氮肥的生理利用率和农学利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低;氮(N)、钾(K2O)肥用量分别为150 kg/hm2和160 kg/hm2时,免耕抛秧稻的效果最佳。

婺源县一季晚稻氮、磷、钾肥料利用率试验

通过一季晚稻移栽条件下进行田间氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的对比试验,摸清婺源县习惯施肥下水稻氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率现状和测土配方施肥,提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率的效果,全面普及测土配方施肥工作。设测土配方施肥、习惯施肥两个大区,两个大区各设4个处理,分正常用肥和缺氮、缺磷、缺钾4个处理,共计8个处理。采用测土配方施肥技术氮肥、磷肥可分别提高利用率14.76%和5.98%;K_2O降低8.65%。测土配方施肥在增施钾肥情况下比常规施肥可以显著提高氮肥、磷肥利用率和水稻产量。

基于氮钾二因子饱和D最优设计的迁葫1号施肥效果研究

以迁葫1号西葫芦为研究对象,采用氮钾二因子饱和D最优设计,研究了不同氮钾肥料施用量对西葫芦产量品质的影响,建立了产量和品质的回归模型,以明确迁葫1号的最优施肥方案。结果表明:增施氮肥更有利于西葫芦产量的提高,钾素施用量的大小是影响西葫芦品质指标的主要因素;N、K_2O对西葫芦产量和品质的互作效应明显;通过效应函数的频率分析寻优可知,当西葫芦目标产量超过5300 kg/667 m^2、置信区间为95%时,氮钾肥料优化施肥量为施氮24.13～43.30 kg/667 m^2、施钾24.68～63.20 kg/667 m^2;利用回归分析软件求得方程最优解,施氮32.73 kg/667 m^2、施钾40 kg/667 m^2,产量最高,为5504.55/667 m^2;当品质得分超过70分、置信区间为95%时,优化施肥量为施氮6.70～39.92 kg/667 m^2、施钾36.71～56.81 kg/667 m^2;利用回归分析软件求得方程最优解,施氮16.36 kg/667 m^2、施钾47.64 kg/667 m^2,品质得分最高,为75.70分。

低肥力区域玉米氮、磷、钾肥料效应的研究

通过"3414"肥料效应试验,在天水市武山县低肥力区域进行了玉米氮、磷、钾肥料效应的研究。试验结果表明:不同的施肥处理对玉米株高、穗粒数、百粒重、叶色等植株性状影响比较大,产量差异也较大。通过土壤养分缺素分析得出,三种肥料对玉米产量的影响大小为:N>P>K,氮素对玉米产量的影响作用最大。通过回归分析得出:在低肥力区域玉米经济最佳施氮纯量为293.75kg/hm~2,最佳施磷纯量为79.86kg/hm~2,最佳施钾纯量为72.26kg/hm~2,其最佳施肥比例为N:P:K=1:0.27:0.25。

Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer and Balanced Fertilization on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Peppers

Field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of two slow-re- lease fertilizers and balanced fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield, fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of peppers at Jiangna Town, Yanshan County, Yunnan Province in 2011. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation in dried pepper plant, pepper yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake in peppers were significantly increased in all the fertilizer treat- ments, compared with those in control （no fertilizer）. Compared with conventional fertilization, balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer significantly increased dried pepper economic output by 20.94%, 17.5% and 14.54%, nitrogen uptake in dried peppers by 21.53%,18.46% and 13.19%, phosphorus uptake in dried peppers by 14.08%, 15.76% and 10.44%, potassium uptake in dried peppers by 22.66%, 15.73% and 16.28%; they also in- creased nitrogen and potassium use efficiency, but reduced potassium use efficiency due to the increased potassium addition. In treatments with balanced fertilization, slow-release compound fertilizer and slow-release urea fertilizer, the nitrogen utiliza- tion was 5.84%, 7.14% and 8.33% higher and the phosphorus utilization was 3.32%, 3.27% and 2.47% higher than those in treatment with conventional fertiliza- tion. In addition, the nitrogen application could be reduced by 20%-50% by bal- anced fertilization and the two slow-release fertilizers, thereby reducing environmen- tal pollution. Slow-release fertilizers could also reduce the frequency of fertilization and labor costs.

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on the Content and Yield of DNJ of Mulberry Leaves in Spring

[Objective] This study aimed to scientifically improve the 1-deoxynojimycin （DNJ） yield of mulberry leaves in spring. [Method] ＂3414＂ experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of different fertilizer application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the DNJ content in mulberry leaves. The regression relationship was further simulated with DNJ yield as the objective function and fertil- izer application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the regulatory factors. [Result] The results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all have great effects on the DNJ content in mulberry leaves at different parts of mulberry tree （Morus alba）; the DNJ content in mulberry leaves increases with the increasing single-factor fertilizer application rate and reaches the maximum under N2P2K2 level; different fertilizer application rates and combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can significantly affect the DNJ content in mulberry leaves; according to the simulated fertilizer effect function, the optimal economic yield of total DNJ in mul- berry leaves was 23.23 kg/hm^2, the recommended fertilization indicators were 286.11 kg/hm^2 N, 95.22 kg/hm^2 P2O5 and 159.62 kg/hm^2 K20. [Conclusion] After confirmation in productive practice, this optimal fertilization program can provide reference for the construction of mulberry plantation with high yield and high quality of DNJ.

Interaction of NPK Fertilizers During Their Transformation in Soils: I. Dynamic Changes of Soil pH

Dynamic changes of soil pH as influenced by ammonium sulfate (AS),monocalciuin phosphate (MCP), potassium chloride (KCl) and their interaction in soils were evaluatedin incubation experiments. Applying these fertilizers significantly reduced soil pH values in allcases and followed sequences of AS > MCP > KCl, MCP > KCl > AS and KCl > AS > MCP for the paddy,calcareous and red soils, respectively. The AS-induced reduction of pH in the three soils followedthe sequence of red soil > paddy soil > calcareous soil, while in MCP and KCl systems the reductionof pH followed the sequences of calcareous soil > paddy soil > red soil and red soil > calcareoussoil > paddy soil, respectively. The interactions of the NPK fertilizers on pH were significant. MCPplus KCl or MCP plus AS reduced pH values more than the fertilizers applied solely in the paddysoil, but AS partly counteracted the effect of MCP on pH in the 1 d sample of the calcareous soil.The effect of MCP on pH was trivial when MCP was applied in combination with KCl or AS in the redsoil. When applied in combination with AS, KCl did not affect soil pH initially, but suppressed thereduction of pH at the later incubation stage, which was related to inhibition of nitrification byKCl in the soils.

Growth Responses of Young Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) to N, P and K Fertilizers in Red-Yellow Soil in Jiangxi Province, China

During 1991~1995, the growth responses of young slash pine to N, P and K fertilizers and rational rate and ratio of fertilizers in yellow-red soil at Fengshushan Forest Farm, Jiangxi Province were studied. N fertilizer decreased the growth of slash pine, while P not only significantly improved the increment of bottom diameter, height and crown diameter, but also caused earlier canopy closure of the stand. It also had a sustainable effect in the next two years. Slash pine had the most significant response to the treatment of 200 kg P2O5 ha-1, in which tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN) were increased by 22%, 35%, 20% and 18% in 1994, 21%, 25%, 10% and 10% in 1995, respectively, compared to the control.Although there was no remarkable response to K fertilizer, good growth response to the application of 100 kg P2O5 plus 100 kg K2O ha-1 existed and tree height, bottom diameter and crown diameter (EW and SN)were increased by 31%, 14%, 23% and 21%, respectively, in 1993, compared to the control.

Effect of Fertilizer N Forms on Physiological Metabolism and Potassium Uptake of Flue-Cured Tobacco

The growth, chlorophyll composition, photosynthesis, respiration, K uptake and root K+ secretion offlue-cured tobacco as thected by different concentrations of N supplied as urea, NaNO3 and NH4NO3 werestudied under the experimental condition of sand culture. The results showed that the content of K in thefiue-cured tobacco was not merely related with root vitality and uptake but also closely related with root cellmembrane structure and K+ secretion.

Effect of Enriched Cattle Manure on Soil Nutrient Status, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Tea （Camellia sinensis）

Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.

Studies on the Effects of Polyaspartate Protease Fertilizer Enhancer in the Absorptions of Soil Nutrition and the Enzymatic Activities of Crops

The effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer, made from oyster shell proteins, on the absorption of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops were studied. It has been found that the enhancer contributes 30%, 50% and 50% augmentation of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) absorption respectively and about 20% of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme activities of crops. These results show that polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer could improve significantly the absorption and utilization efficiencies of soil nutrition and the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme of crops, thus elevating the utilization rates of chemical fertilizers to a certain extent.

Effect of Nutrient Type on Chemical Composition and Dry Matter Partitioning of Cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz）

The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments （manure potassic （K）, phosphatic （P）, phosphatic and potassic （PK） and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic （NPK）） on chemical composition and dry matter in cassava （Manihot esculenta） organs （clone 1171） during harvest period. The pots experiment was laid out in randomised complete bloc design with five treatments and four replications. Water, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, total proteins and total lipids contents of the leaves, shoots and tubers were determined. After 9 months growing period, results showed that fertilizer types enriched with K, PK and NPK significantly increased the organic compounds contents of the leaves （P〈0.05）. Furthermore, fertilizers with high phosphorus content significantly increased the lipid contents of the leaves （25%）. Fertilizers enriched with NPK positively influenced the biomass partitioning in Manihot esculenta. Application of fertilizers enriched with NPK led to higher levels of total proteins in the leaves and tubers （70 mg g DM^-1 and 30 mg g DM^-1 respectively） compared to control （17 mg g DM^-1 and 9 mg g DM^-1 respectively）. These results help to demonstrate the value of these fertilizers enrichment to improve the chemical composition and dry matter partitioning of cassava.

舒兰市玉米“3414”肥料效应田间试验

本试验采用"3414"完全试验方案,以"德禹211"玉米品种为材料,在吉林舒兰市具有代表性的冲积土上进行氮、磷、钾肥料效应田间试验。采用肥料效应函数法原理进行回归模型分析。试验结果表明:该区亩最大施肥量为纯氮14.924kg,纯磷5.361kg,纯钾8.663kg,相应的产量为780.376kg;最佳施肥量为纯氮14.806kg,纯磷5.211 1kg,纯钾7.944kg,相应的产量为779.090kg。氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)与产量(y)存在脊背型关系。二者施用量交互作用即配合适宜时,有利于提高产量;氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)的施用量与玉米产量(y)存在显著的上抛物线关系。

Influence of Long-Term Fertilization on Selenium Accumulation in Soil and Uptake by Crops

Continuous applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers can affect soil and food quality with respect to selenium （Se） concen- trations. A long-term （over 20 years） experimental field study, started in 1989, was conducted to investigate the changes in soil Se fractions and its uptake by crops, as affected by different fertilizer practices, in the North China Plain with an annual crop rotation of winter wheat and summer maize. The long-term experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design consisting of 4 replications with 7 fertilizer treatments： 1） organic compost （OC）, 2） half organic compost plus half N-P-K chemical fertilizers （OC ＋ NPK）, 3） N-P-K fertilizers （NPK）, 4） N-P fertilizers （NP）, 5） P-K fertilizers （PK）, 6） N-K fertilizers （NK）, and 7） an un-amended control. Soil samples from the surface （20 cm） were collected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009 to characterize Se and other soil properties. In 2009, the average soil Se concentrations in the treatments （149 ± 8 beg kg-1） were higher than those in the soil samples collected in 1989 at the beginning of the experiment （112 4- 4 beg kg-1）, and decreased in the order of OC 〉 OC ＋ NPK 〉 NPK NP 〉 PK NK 〉 control. Sequential extraction showed the oxidizable fraction （50.06%± 3.94%） was the dominant form of Se in the soil, followed by the residual fraction （24.12% ± 2.89%）, exchangeable fraction （15.09% ± 4.34%） and Fe-Mn oxides fraction （10.73%±4.04%）. With an increase of soil K, the exchangeable Se concentrations in the soil increased. The Se concentrations in the soil tillage layer （0-20 cm） were mainly related to soil organic carbon （SOC）, although different contributions came from atmospheric deposition, irrigation and fertilizers. With the accumulation of SOC, the uptakes of soil Se by two crops were inhibited. For the OC and OC ＋ NPK treatments, Se concentrations in wheat grains were lower than the critical standard of Se in stable food （100 μg kg·1]. Additionallv. Se concentrations in grains were also decreased by the deficiencies of major soil nutrients, especially P.