沈阳市供水系统藻类分布与氯毒性研究

近年来随着大量的工业废水,生活污水排入水体使水体恶化,尤其藻类获取丰富营养物而大量生长繁殖.为了改进水体质量.沈阳市分别对市内五区水源及相对应的二次加压蓄水池,进行藻类污染分布的监测及氯对藻类毒性研究[1].

复方丙酸氯倍他索乳膏对小型猪皮肤长程涂布的毒性观察

目的 :观察复方丙酸氯倍他索乳膏对小型猪皮肤长程涂布的毒性。方法 :3 2只巴马小型猪随机分为低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组、对照组 4组 ,每组 8只。每日涂药 1次 ,封包 6h,连续 8周 ,比较给药前后的动物外观体征、活动状态、体重增加、脏器系数、血液学常规、血液生化学、清晨血清皮质醇浓度 ,以及皮肤和内脏的病理改变。结果 :低、中、高三种剂量对实验动物血液学常规、血液生化学、外观体征、活动状态、体重增加、脏器系数均无不良影响 ,涂药部位皮肤和心、肝、肾、肺、胃未见异常。但涂药部位肾上腺皮肤萎缩 ,血清皮质醇浓度下降 ,其程度随剂量和疗程增加而加强 ,停药 2周后上述改变均可自行恢复。结论 :丙酸氯倍他索引起毒性的靶器官是肾上腺皮质和涂药部位皮肤 ,剂量增加、时间延长其不良反应也增强 ,停药后可自行恢复。

甲氧滴滴涕对小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨甲氧滴滴涕（Mxc）对小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：MTT法测定卵巢颗粒细胞在MXC作用后的细胞活力（A值）；流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡变化；电镜观察细胞的形态学改变等；综合评价MXC对卵巢颗粒细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。结果：①MTT法测得MXC在（2．5～10．0）μg／ml浓度范围内能明显抑制卵巢颗粒细胞的增殖，并具有浓度依赖性，10．0μg/ml MXC作用36h的卵巢颗粒细胞A值最低；②流式细胞仪检测结果显示5．0，10．0μg／ml MXC处理组卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡率分别为27．8％和41．7％，明显高于对照组的9．9％（P〈0．05）；③电镜下可见卵巢颗粒细胞呈典型凋亡样改变。结论：MXC能明显抑制小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞增殖，并具有显著促进颗粒细胞凋亡的作用。

Negundoside,an irridiod glycoside from leaves of Vitex negundo,protects human liver cells against calcium-mediated toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride

AIM： To evaluate the protective effect of 2′-p-hydroxy benzoylmussaenosidic acid [negundoside （NG）, against carbon tetrachloride （CCl4）-induced toxicity in HUH-7 cel Is.METHODS： CCI4 is a well characterized hepatotoxin, and inducer of cytochrome P450 2E1 （CYP2E1）-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, lipid peroxidation and accumulation of intracellular calcium are important steps in the pathway involved in CCl4 toxicity. Liver cells （HUH-7） were treated with CCI4, and the mechanism of the cytoprotective effect of NG was assessed. Silymarin, a known hepatoprotective drug, was used as control. RESULTS： NG protected HUH-7 cells against CCl4 toxicity and loss of viability without modulating CYP2E1 activity. Prevention of CCl4 toxicity was associated with a reduction in oxidative damage as reflected by decreased generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, a decrease in lipid peroxidation and accumulation of intracellular Ca^2＋ levels and maintenance of intracellular glutathione homeostasis. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）, induction of caspases mediated DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest, as a result of CCl4 treatment, were also blocked by NG. The protection afforded by NG seemed to be mediated by activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） synthesis and inhibition of phospholipases （cPLA2）. CONCLUSION： NG exerts a protective effect on CYP2E1-dependent CCl4 toxicity via inhibition of lipid peroxidation, followed by an improved intracellular calcium homeostasis and inhibition of Ca^2＋-dependent proteases.

NaClO重复清洗膜污染效能及卤代副产物生成研究

以过滤二沉池出水后受污染的超滤膜为研究对象,考察NaClO溶液对污染膜重复清洗后超滤膜的截留效果、NaClO的清洗效能及清洗过程中毒性副产物的累积情况。结果表明,NaClO溶液重复清洗会导致膜损伤,进而导致超滤膜对TOC和TP的截留率在NaClO溶液重复清洗6次后分别降低了65%和23%;同时膜通量恢复率随清洗次数增加整体呈现上升趋势。NaClO清洗液经多次使用后,剩余清洗液中大部分毒性氯代副产物会逐渐积累,如二氯乙酸(DCAA)、三氯乙酸(TCAA)、水合三氯乙醛(CH)、1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、二氯乙腈(DCAN)和三氯乙腈(TCAN);剩余清洗液中三氯甲烷(TCM)随着清洗次数增加呈现出先增高后逐渐稳定的趋势,而三氯乙烯(TCE)浓度则随清洗次数增加先增高后降低。

An Experimental Study on Drugs for Improving Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis in Treating Mild Chronic Hepatic Damage

Large and small doses of drugs for improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis were used in model rats to treat mild chronic hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The results show that large dose of Dang Gui ([symbol: see text] Radix Angelicae Sinensis) and Dan Shen ([symbol: see text] Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) (drugs for regulating blood flow) and small dose of Yu Jin ([symbol: see text] Radix Curcumae) and Niu Xi ([symbol: see text] Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) (drugs for activating blood flow) can significantly elevate the activity of SOD (P

Acute Toxicity of Clethodim, Cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate to the Larva of Chironomus sinicus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to detect the acute toxicity of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate. [Method] Chironomus sinicus larvae were exposed to different concentrations of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate. Survival rate, lethal concentration 50 （LC50） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in the homogenate of the larvae were monitored to detect the toxicity of the pesti- cides. [Result] The survival rates of C. sinicus larvae exposed to cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate for 12 h were almost unchanged at different concentrations, but de- creased with concentration increasing 48 h later. For each pesticide, the differences in survival rates of C. sinicus larvae at 48 h were significant. The 48 h LC50 of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate to C. sinicus larvae were 1.842, 0.150 and 1.999 mg/L, respectively. The acute toxicity of cypermethrin was the highest a- mong the three pesticides and that of 2,4-D-butylate was the lowest. Clethodim sig- nificantly reduced the SOD content in a dose-dependent manner. 2,4-D-butylate also reduced SOD content in C. sinicus larvae, but the reduction was not significantly re- lated to its dosage. However, cypermethrin showed no significant effect on SOD ac- tivity in C. sinicus larvae.

Ordinary Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and By-products Chlorite and Chlorate in Water

Acute toxicity and accumulated toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and by-products chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-) in water acted on mice are studied by the method of Horn and accumulation coefficient. Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2 and ClO2-and ClO3- in water acted on rat is studied though feeding test for 90 days, including statistical analysis of variance on weight gaining, food utilization efficiency,index of blood and serum,liver (or kidney) to body weight ratio, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney. The results show that aqueous solution of ClO2, NaClO2 and NaClO3 ( with the concentration of 276.5 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 200 mg/L respectively) and the mixed aqueous solution of ClO2 with the concentration of 553 mg/L are actually non-poisonous , and non-cumulative aqueous solution as well.

Hepatotoxicity induced by cyproterone acetate:A report of three cases

Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is a steroidal synthetic progestagen and anti-androgenic compound widely administered in prostate cancer which has been evidentially correlated with a severe hepatotoxic potency. Three male patients aged 78-83 years are presented, in whom severe hepatotoxic reactions emerged after CPA administration. Patients were treated with CPA at the doses of 200-300 mg/d for malignant prostate disease for 3-12 mo prior to the acute manifestation of the hepatic disease. Clinical features compatible with mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic liver disease including jaundice, white stools and dark urine, manifested in all three cases whereas encephalopathy and ascites were present in two of the patients. Other primary causes of hepatotoxicity (alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis) were also verified in two cases, and in those patients biopsy findings revealed the presence of cirrhotic lesions in liver parenchyma. Discontinuation of the therapeutic agent led to the amelioration of the clinical profile in all the patients whereas a patient died 40 d after hospital admission due to sepsis, despite acute liver disease improvement. The current article highlights the hepatotoxic potency of a widely administered therapeutic agent and illustrates the importance of clinical surveillance especially in patients with previous hepatic diseases. Three relevant cases are reported and a review of the published literature is made.

Comparative Toxicity of Selected Insecticides to Phytoplasma Transmitted Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata （Melichar）

Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata is represented the main insect as a pathogen for phytoplasma disease occurring by insect-transmitted plant viruses in date palm orchards. Therefore, it is important to investigate the potential effect of some insecticides against such insect. The adults of leafhopper C. bipunctata were collected from date palm orchards in Alhasa, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Three insecticides from different classes--beta-cyfluthrin （pyrethroids）, imidacloprid （neonicotinoids） and abamectin （natural compounds）--have been evaluated in vivo against adults C. bipunctata. This stage was exposed to residual film of various concentrations of each insecticide on transparent plastic cups using a Potter precision laboratory spray tower. Bioassay test showed that both beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid caused 100% mortality by 500 ppm at 24 h after treatment, whereas abamectin gave the same mortality by 50 ppm at the same time. Toxicity values revealed that abameetin was the most potent insecticide compared with beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid, where the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 were 24.58 ppm and 116.73 ppm at 3 h after treatment, respectively. Therefore, abamectin can be a possible candidate to be applied on date palm or ground grass by the Ministry of Agriculture after successful field experiments.

Acute toxicity of organochlorine insecticide endosulfan to the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrochium rosenbergii

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is highly toxic and effective at controlling pests in agriculture, horticulture, and public health programs. In this study, static bioassays were used to evaluate the toxicity of endosulfan to freshwater prawns( Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of various lengths(1.5±0.03,4±0.08, and 7±0.06 cm). Additionally, the activities of peroxidase(POD), acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and Na + /K +-ATPase were analyzed to refl ect the effects of endosulfan exposure. The 96 h LC 50 of endosulfan for prawns 1.5, 4, and 7 cm long were 1.86, 4.53,and 6.09μg/L, respectively, improved tolerance to endosulfan with growth. The POD activities of test organisms exposed to low concentrations of endosulfan were inhibited, indicating the presence of oxygen damaged tissue. Moreover, a notable decrease in AChE activity was observed due to overstimulation of neurotransmission, which might result in abnormal behavior. The effect caused by endosulfan on phosphatase production in the hepatopancreas of prawns 1.5, 4, and 7 cm long was different because the ability of nonspecifi c immune regulation increased with growth. The 96 h LC 50 values obtained in this study could be used in the formulation of water-quality criteria in China. Moreover, the changes in enzymes activities of M. rosenbergii under stress of endosulfan could be applied in the establishment of early warning indicators for bio-safety.

Toxicity of selected insecticides against nymph of whitefly （Bemisia tabaci Gennadius）

Bemisia tabaci is one of serious insect pests attacking vegetables and has been difficult to control using conventional insecticides. In the past 10 years, new insecticides have been introduced that provide a diversity of novel modes of action and routes of activity to effectively control whitefly. Consequently, intensive used of insecticides in vegetable cultivation has resulted in reduced susceptibility and develops resistance in agriculture industry. In controlling B. tabaci population, insecticides are the common method used by farmers. This study aimed to determine the most effective insecticide against B tabaci by using LC5o value. This study was conducted at the Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia with the controlled room temperature of 24.33 ± 0.14℃ with dark and light ratio of 1：1 （12 hours： 12 hours） is an ideal condition for rearing the insect. The hypothesis of the study is to test if insecticides can control the nymph of whitefly. A total of 50 two-day-old nymphs were treated with insecticides using leaf-dip bioassay procedure. This experiment was replicated three times. The survival rates of the nymphs were analyzed using analysis of variance （ANOVA）. Data on toxicity was analyzed by a special Probit Programme-Single Line Analysis based on Finney （1971）. There was a significant difference （df = 8, F = 85.84, P = 0.000） in survival rate of nymph ofB. tabaci to eight insecticides tested. Among the insecticides tested, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin and diafenthiuron showed significantly higher survival rate of nymph compared to other treatments. When LC50 values were compared for diafenthiuron which is less potent （LCs0 ---- 2.44）, abamectin was found to be 3.44 times more potent than diafenthiuron, followed by esfenvalerate,acetamiprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin and dimethoate, and the least potent was deltamethrin. The toxicity of eight insecticides tested against nymphs was in the following orders： abamectin = esfenvalerate = acetamiprid = profenofos =- chlorpyrifos ＋ cypermethrin ≥ dimethoate ≥ deltamethrin 〉 diafenthiuron respectively. This study implies that a proper application of the insecticide is a key component to a successful control programme of insect oests.

Design, synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dinitrotoluene derivatives

A series of novel 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dinitrotoluene derivatives were designed, synthesized in the present study, and their antitumor activities against five cell lines（A431, HepG2, A549, HT-29 and HEK-293） were tested. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate-to-significant cytotoxicity and high selectivity against one or more cell lines in comparison with cisplatin. Studies on their preliminary structure-activity relationships（SARs） indicated that compounds containing phenyl（piperazin-1-yl） methanone groups, especially chlorine atom at 4-position of the phenyl ring, were more effective. Compound 4g was found to be the most potent derivative with IC_（50） values of 1.04, 3.20, 6.93, 4.10 and 20.15 μmol/L against A431, HepG2, A549, HT-29 and HEK-293 cell lines, respectively, which was better than positive control cisplatin, one of the most clinically used chemotherapeutic drugs.