海洋水下油气水分离技术应用

分析了水下油气水分离技术应用于海洋油气资源开发的必要性,阐述了重力式、旋流式、管式和超音速水下分离技术的原理、特点及应用情况,并对技术发展趋势进行了展望。

AquaticSonar水声纳3D水下地形勘测仪在水下地形测量中的应用

在水下地形测量中,如何解决传统勘测方法工作效率低、测量精度差,是一个十分重要的问题。本文以西海水道和东海水道部分河段为测量对象,从南华叉口上游1.5km到天河(二)站码头下游300m以及南华叉口下游1.5km,使用AquaticSonar水声纳3D水下地形勘测仪进行水下地形测量,测量结果显示,该仪器运用效果优势明显,精度高,效率快,应用灵活,能够大大提高工作效率和精度。

白垩系含水地层立井突水淹井治理技术

结合五举煤矿主立井在穿过白垩系含水地层时遭遇的突水淹井事故,分析了事故特点并确立治理方案,提出了西部富水地层立井普通法施工突水淹井事故的综合治理技术。以静水位施工水下混凝土止水垫截水为先导工作,实施控制性排水协同壁后注浆封水,最后进行工作面渐进式高压深孔预注浆堵水。介绍了水下混凝土止水垫的参数设计、特制底卸式吊桶和水下自流平特制混凝土配比、水下止水垫浇筑与养护工艺、止浆垫联合加固及渐进式深孔预注浆等技术。成功解决145.68 m水下360.97 m3/h的涌水井筒淹井事故,为西部地区立井普通法施工及其防治水工作积累了实践经验。

立井井筒特大涌水封堵技术研究与应用

为解决立井普通法施工过富含水地层时的涌水淹井事故,以五举煤矿主立井特大涌水为研究背景,研究了"静水位下施工混凝土止水垫"和"工作面深孔预注浆"的涌水治理方法及其相关施工材料与技术装备。该技术工艺成功封堵了145.64m深水下高达360.97m3/h的井筒涌水,实现了被淹井筒的快速恢复,并顺利通过富含水地层,为相似地质条件下的淹井事故治理提供了科学指导。

Research on pumped storage and complementary energy development models for abandoned mines in China

Within the framework of achieving carbon neutrality,various industries are confronted with fresh challenges.The ongoing process of downsizing coal industry operations has evolved into a new phase,with the burgeoning proliferation of abandoned mines posing a persistent issue.Addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by these abandoned mines,this paper advocates for a scientific approach centered on the advancement of pumped storage energy alongside gas-oil complementary energy.Leveraging abandoned mine tunnels to establish pumped storage power stations holds significant ecological and economic importance for repurposing these sites.This initiative not only serves as an effective means to restore the ecological balance in mining regions but also provides an environmentally friendly approach to repurposing abandoned mine tunnels,offering a blueprint for economically viable pumped storage power stations.This article delineates five crucial scientific considerations and outlines seven primary models for the utilization of abandoned mine sites,delineating a novel,comprehensive pathway for energy and power development that emphasizes multi-energy complementarity and synergistic optimization within abandoned mines.

江垭地下厂房洞室群地下水处理措施

地下水是影响地下建筑物围岩稳定和施工的重要因素，处理是否及时恰当，关系到工程的施工质量和进度，乃至整个工程的成败。文章对江垭地下厂房洞室群地下水的来源、危害，及其处理措施进行了综合分析。

Evaluation of development potential of pumped hydroelectric storage and geothermal utilization system in abandoned coal mine

Every year in China,a significant number of mines are closed or abandoned.The pumped hydroelectric storage(PHS)and geothermal utilization are vital means to efficiently repurpose resources in abandoned mine.In this work,the development potentials of the PHS and geothermal utilization systems were evaluated.Considering the geological conditions and meteorological data available of Jiahe abandoned mine,a simple evaluation model for PHS and geothermal utilization was established.The average efficiency of the PHS system exceeds 70%and the regulatable energy of a unit volume is over 1.53 kW·h/m^(3).The PHS system achieves optimal performance when the wind/solar power ratio reaches 0.6 and 0.3 in daily and year scale,respectively.In the geothermal utilization system,the outlet temperature and heat production are significantly affected by the injection flow rate.The heat production performance is more stable at lower rate flow,and the proportion of heat production is higher in the initial stage at greater flow rate.As the operating time increases,the proportion of heat production gradually decreases.The cyclic heat storage status has obvious advantages in heat generation and cooling.Furthermore,the energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of PHS and geothermal utilization systems were calculated.

高黎贡山隧道1~#竖井(副井)突水淹井封堵施工技术

为解决高黎贡山隧道1#竖井(副井)掘砌时发生的高压突水淹井难题,根据地层特点和施工情况,分析突涌水原因;类比其他行业深井淹井突水口封堵施工经验,提出水下混凝土直接封堵、静水压抛碴注浆封堵和改性水泥浆止水垫与注浆碎石堵水层相结合封堵3种方案并进行比选,选用在静水压状态下采用改性水泥浆止水垫与注浆碎石堵水层相结合封堵的方案,介绍其施工控制技术,并通过抽排水施工对封堵效果进行验证。结果表明:1)改性水泥浆止水垫与注浆碎石堵水层相结合封堵方案中采取的改性水泥止浆垫参数设计、构筑止浆垫施工工艺、改性水泥浆的配比等施工技术能够满足深大竖井突水口封堵施工要求; 2)深水承压摄像头能够对施工过程进行有效监控,实施控制性排水能够准确检验封堵效果; 3) 50 m厚改性水泥浆止水层能够达到封堵突水口的预期目的,完成后经抽水验证可知突水口封水率达99%,封堵效果较好。

简析立井施工中涌水淹井的治理技术

在立井施工中,由于冻结孔的偏斜,冻结壁未交圈等原因,造成冻结井开窗、涌水淹井。最初采取浇灌混凝土止水垫的方法,因管路发生堵塞,未能达到预期效果。后经采取抛碴注浆法,有效地封堵了工作面涌水。再对井筒下部含水层进行工作面预注浆,实现了井筒安全、顺利施工。

内河挖入式港池减淤措施的试验研究

针对港池回流引起的泥沙淤积,分别采用水下涵管抽压水、集沙坑、防沙堤等方法进行港池减淤的试验研究。结果表明,三种减淤措施均有较好的减淤效果,在技术上也是可行的,实际工程可结合港池具体情况选用。

Analysis on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and the Formation Reason in Wadi Bay Area of Libya

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the formation reason of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the dry valley area of Wadi Bay of Libya and provide the scientific basis for the reasonable development utilization and the environmental protection of groundwater.[Method] Took Wadi Bay area（dry valley）of Libya as the example,Piper trilinear graphic representation method,the descriptive statistics,the ion ratio coefficient method and the isotope evidence were used to systematically study the special hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in the arid climate condition in Wadi Bay area of Libya.[Result] The salt content of groundwater in the area was very high,and TDS was during 3.2-8.4 g/L.The main groundwater type was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca,then was Cl·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg.The concentrations of Cl-,Na＋ and SO2-4,etc.in the groundwater in 70 km from the sea had the remarkable variation,but the concentrations of Mn2＋,Ba2＋,Si2＋,NH＋4 and NO-3 didn＇t have the same variation phenomenon.[Conclusion] The hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater didn＇t relate to the dissolution infiltration reaction,the evaporation concentration effect and human activities.The major cause was the mixing effect of salt and fresh water in the invasion process of seawater.

Experimental Study on the Utilization of Shallow Groundwater for Spring Wheat

[Objective]The paper aimed to study effect of shallow groundwater at different depths on crop water requirement and crop evaporation in spring wheat field.[Method]Five treatments of shallow groundwater table at different depth were designed to do evaporation experiment for spring wheat in 2008-2009.[Result]The groundwater at different depths had great impact on crop growth and field evaporation;its supply accounted for 0-52% of actual evapotranspiration.Atmospheric evaporation and crop rooting depth were the major factors to affect the uptake of groundwater at shallow table,and the supply of deep groundwater was controlled by groundwater table.[Conclusion]The study reveled the pattern of evapotranspiration of spring wheat and evaporation of shallow groundwater at different depth,in order to supply basis for the rational and effective utilization of shallow groundwater as well as optimization of the irrigation scheduling for spring wheat.

Numerical simulation of dewatering thick unconsolidated aquifers for safety of underground coal mining

With an increase of mining the upper limits under unconsolidated aquifers, dewatering of the bottom aquifer of the Quaternary system has become a major method to avoid water and sand inrushes.In the 8th District of the Taiping Coal Mine in south-western Shandong province, the bottom aquifer of the Quaternary system is moderate to excellent in water-yielding capacity.The base rock above the coal seam is very thin in the concealed coal field of the Carboniferous and Permian systems.Therefore, a comprehensive dewatering plan from both the ground surface and the panel was proposed to lower the groundwater level in order to ensure mining safety.According to the hydrogeologic conditions of the 8th District, we established a numerical model so that we could simulate the groundwater flow in the dewatering process.We obtained the simulation parameters from previous data using backward modeling, such as the average coefficient of permeability of 12 m/d and the elastic storage coefficient of 0.002.From the same model, we predicted the movement of groundwater and water level variables and obtained the visible effect of the dewatering project.Despite the overburden failure during mining, no water and/or sand inrush occurred because the groundwater level in the bottom aquifer was lowered to a safe water level.

Femtosecond laser micro/nano fabrication for bioinspired superhydrophobic or underwater superoleophobic surfaces

The preparation of superhydrophobic or underwater superoleophobic interface materials has become a research hotspot because of their wide application in self-cleaning, drag reduction, oil-water separation, anti-oil pollution and so on. The unique wettability of organisms gives inspiration to design and create new interface materials. This review focuses on the recent research progress of femtosecond laser micro/nano fabrication for bioinspired superhydrophobic or underwater superoleophobic surfaces. This review starts with a presentation of the related background including the advantages of femtosecond laser and wettability theoretical basis. Then, organisms with unique wettability in nature, the preparation of superhydrophobic or underwater superoleophobic surfaces by femtosecond lasers on different materials, and their related important applications are introduced. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects with regard to this field are provided.

Environmental Characteristics of Groundwater:an Application of PCA to Water Chemistry Analysis in Yulin

For our investigation into the water quality in Yulin city, we collected 76 typical water samples to be tested for particle quality. By applying a Romani type classification method the groundwater of Yulin city was classified into nine categories by type, i.e., Ca-HCO3, Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3-SO4-Cl, Na-HCO3-SO4, Na-Cl, Na-Cl-HCO3, Na-Ca- HCO3, Ca-Cl-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3-SO4-Cl. A principal component analysis was carried out in order to analyze the groundwater environment. From this analysis we considered that the information collected could be represented by 21 indices from which we extracted seven principal components, which, respectively, accounted for 37.4%, 13.0%, 8.1%, 7.2%, 6.3%, 5.9% and 4.6% of the total variation. The results show that the groundwater environment of this region is largely determined by characteristic components of the natural groundwater background. One part of the water was polluted by leaching/eluviation of solid waste generated from coal mining. Another part of the ground water was contaminated by acid mine water from the coal layer and from improper irrigation. In addition, geological and hydrogeological conditions also cause changes in the water environment.

Chemical and Isotopic Approach to Groundwater Cycle in Western Qaidam Basin,China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production.It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies.This study focused on the recharge,the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes.Hydrological,chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.In addition,the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable,and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick.Therefore,it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future,moreover,water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.

Stability of Low Crested and Submerged Breakwaters with Single Layer Armouring

The stability of single layer armour units on low crested and submerged breakwaters has been investigated in 2D hydraulic model tests. Armour unit movements including settlements, rocking and displacements have been determined. The effect of freeboard, packing density and wave steepness on the armour layer stability on crest, front and rear slope has been investigated. Armour units were mostly displaced in the most upper part of the seaward slope and at the seaward side of the crest. Damage on the crest was progressing towards the rear slope. About 40% to 50% larger armour units are required on the seaward slope and crest of low crested structures （as compared to conventional high crested breakwaters）. About 35% larger armour units are required on the rear slope. Larger armour units are not required on submerged breakwaters if the water depth on the crest exceeds 40% of design wave height.

Environmental Effects of Groundwater Development in Xuzhou City, China

Xuzhou City is located in the most northwestern portion of Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. Karst groundwater in the Ordovician and Cambrian Limestone aquifers is the main source of water supply. There are 527 wells in urban areas to exploit the karst groundwater, yielding up to 35 000 m^3 per day. After 1978, urbanization and industrialization of Xuzhou City have continued at a greatly accelerated pace; the population increased from 670 700 （1978） to 1 645 500 （2002）, its GDP from 0.71 × 10^9 $ to 42.7× 10^9 $ and the urban area from 184 km^2 to 1,038 km^2 （built-up city area from 41.3 km^2 to 81.9 km^2）. The volume of karst groundwater withdrawal increased yearly before the operation of a supply plant of surface water in 1992, from 3.85x 10^7 m^3（1978） to 1.34× 10^8 m^3 （1991） and now maintained at 0.1× 10^9 m^3 （2002）. Intensive overexploitation of karst groundwater has caused a continuous descending of the piezometric level and the area of the depression cone increases year after year. These changes have increased the vulnerability of the karst groundwater system and have induced environmental problems such as depletion of water resources, water quality deterioration, groundwater contamination and karst collapse. The largest buried depth of karst groundwater is up to 100 m in the dry season in some areas, while 66 exhausted wells have been abandoned. A change in the thickness of the unsaturated zone due to the drawdown of the piezometric level has caused a change of the chemical environment which has an impact on the physical state and major chemical compositions in groundwater. The contents of Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, NO3^-, SO4^2- and C1^- in karst groundwater has increased significantly, total hardness （CaCO3 content） rises annually in most pumping wells and exceeds the Standard of Drinking Water of P.R. China. Point source pollution and belt-like pollution along the rivers has caused water quality deterioration. The sudden loss of buoyant support due to rapid drawdown of the piezometric level has induced 7 karst collapses to form 17 pits and has caused an estimated US$ 10 million economic loss. These problems have influenced the quality of development in the city.

Application of SVM in Analyzing the Headstream of Gushing Water in Coal Mine

To recognize the presence of the headstream of gushing water in coal mines, the SVM (Support Vector Ma- chine) was proposed to analyze the gushing water based on hydrogeochemical methods. First, the SVM model for head- stream analysis was trained on the water sample of available headstreams, and then we used this to predict the unknown samples, which were validated in practice by comparing the predicted results with the actual results. The experimental results show that the SVM is a feasible method to differentiate between two headstreams and the H-SVMs (Hierachical SVMs) is a preferable way to deal with the problem of multi-headstreams. Compared with other methods, the SVM is based on a strict mathematical theory with a simple structure and good generalization properties. As well, the support vector W in the decision function can describe the weights of the recognition factors of water samples, which is very important for the analysis of headstreams of gushing water in coal mines.