都柳江水体-沉积物间锑的迁移转化规律

锑(Sb)是近年来广泛受到关注的一种污染物,都柳江流域有较多的锑矿山分布,采集并分析了都柳江(贵州独山至广西富禄)水和沉积物样品,结果显示:河流的自净稀释作用使都柳江水体-沉积物中的Sb含量呈总体一致下降趋势,沉积物中Sb含量较高;沿途锑矿山溪水的加入显著增加了水体-沉积物中Sb的浓度。水体-沉积物中的Sb含量变化呈如下规律:上游至三都米英D10点,粘土矿物和铁氧化物的吸附作用较强,Sb从水体迁移到沉积物中;下游D7至采样终点,以粘土矿物的解吸作用为主,Sb从沉积物迁移到水体中,最终导致水体中Sb含量升高,进而对水生生态系统构成一定的威胁。

基于逸度方法评价巢湖流域PAHs在水体-沉积物间扩散过程

沉积物是污染物的一个重要汇区,同时亦可作为二次污染源释放污染物,因此,研究污染物在沉积物-水体界面的扩散过程对认识污染物的环境归趋及其迁移扩散具有重要意义.先前的研究结果表明,巢湖流域沉积物中高浓度多环芳烃(PAHs)来源于历史上工业废水排放,并且整个流域呈显著的空间差异性,但上层水体中PAHs浓度较为均匀.因此,有理由假设这些污染物在巢湖流域水体-沉积物间扩散交换呈明显的空间差异:即受工业废水污染的沉积物可能成为水体中PAHs的二次污染源,而其它区域沉积物则可能是这些污染物的重要汇.然而对于这些问题的研究目前仍然处于空白.本研究利用49个采样点的数据,通过逸度扩散模型,分别计算水体和沉积物中17种PAHs的逸度(f),并进一步计算它们的逸度分数(ff)值,依此全面认识这些污染物在水体-沉积物间的扩散趋势.结果显示,PAHs的ff值随环数增大而减小,即环数越高的PAHs越倾向于从水体向沉积物扩散.其中,低环(2~3环)PAHs和五环苝(Per)的ff均值都大于0.9,表示其从沉积物向上层水体扩散.多数采样点中、高环(4~6环)PAHs的ff值介于0.1~0.9,表示处于交换平衡,但受工业影响区域则呈现从沉积物向水体扩散的趋势.以Per和苯并[g,h,j]苝(BghiP)为例深入讨论了两种不同来源PAHs在巢湖流域水体-沉积物间扩散的差异性.对于Per而言,ff值空间差异较小,其普遍从沉积物向水体释放,说明沉积物-水体间扩散过程是上层水体中自然来源Per的重要来源.对于BghiP而言,ff值存在明显的空间差异性,受工业污染严重的地区,PAHs更易于从沉积物向水体扩散,而其它区域,BghiP则普遍处于平衡态甚至从水体向沉积物汇集.碳黑能促使PAHs向沉积物扩散,对PAHs的扩散有重要影响,且对高环(5~6环)PAHs扩散的影响更明显.当沉积物中碳黑含量为有机碳含量10%时,巢湖流域一半以上区域的PAHs扩散方向发生了改变.

潮间带滩涂沉积物与水体热通量模拟

为了揭示滩涂对近岸水温影响,开展潮间带滩涂沉积物与海水之间热量交换研究。以韩国西南海岸的滩涂为例,建立滩涂沉积物温度模型,模拟不同潮汐状态下沉积物垂向剖面温度以及沉积物与水体间的热通量,并分析了季节、滩涂位置、潮位-太阳辐射相位对热通量的影响。研究表明:模拟出的沉积物温度与实测值吻合较好。沉积物与水体存在大量热量交换,且集中在淹没后的前3 h,最大热通量可达398. 7 W/m2。冬季月份海水向滩涂净传热。夏季月份滩涂向水体净传热,且当滩涂淹没时刻发生在当地正午或正午过后3 h内,滩涂传递给水体的热量相对较大,达2. 0 MJ/(m2·d);累积热通量随滩涂干滩率的减小而减小。研究成果为进一步深入研究滩涂影响下近岸水温变化提供了技术支撑。

澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水-上覆水营养盐特征与交换通量分析

为分析澜沧江梯级水库建设对澜沧江流域沉积物-水界面交换过程的影响,于2016年2~3月对澜沧江云南段间隙水-上覆水氮、磷营养盐进行了调查与分析.结果表明,澜沧江自然河道沉积物间隙水总氮(TN)均值为15.254 mg·L^(-1),显著高于水库均值6.577 mg·L^(-1);但其总磷(TP)均值为0.654 mg·L^(-1),低于水库区域的1.432 mg·L^(-1).澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水氮、磷浓度均高于上覆水浓度,上覆水-间隙水垂向TN浓度在表层沉积物处达到最大值,且自然河道总溶解氮(DTN)扩散通量均值为2.117 mg·(m^2·d)^(-1),高于水库的均值0.785 mg·(m^2·d)^(-1);但其总溶解磷(DTP)扩散通量为0.044 mg·(m^2·d)^(-1),低于水库的均值0.053 mg·(m^2·d)^(-1),上覆水氮盐主要来源于沉积物间隙水.澜沧江梯级水库建设导致的沉积物组成差异与水体扰动差异是间隙水-上覆水界面交换差异的主要原因.

Application of Equilibrium Partitioning Approach to the Derivation of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Metals in Dianchi Lake

For the past 20 years, numerous studies have been carried out on the application of equilibrium partitioning approach （EqPA） for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）. However, for metals, few Equilibrium-partitioning- based numerical SQGs have been developed or are currently available because of the confounding factors mediating the bioavailability of metals. A study was conducted at Dianchi Lake, which is a heavily eutrophicated lake on the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau, China with the focus on the measurement of partitioning coefficient （Kp） and SQGs derivation and normalization to acid volatile sulfide （AVS）, fine material, and organic carbon. Using new normalization methods, SQGs were formulated for seven metals including copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and arsenic in Dianchi Lake. In Dianchi Lake sediments, the fine material contributed 25.4%-36.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of mercury; AVS contributed 2.9%-75.0% to the SQG values, with the largest contribution to the SQG value of cadmium. This indicated that the fine material and the AVS were the most important controlling factors to the bioavailability of mercury and caximium, respectively. The contribution of total organic carbon （TOC） to the SQG values of copper and leaxi was 3.8% and 7.1%, respectively, indicating that at relatively lower concentrations, the contribution of TOC was not significant. In addition to normalization methods, appropriate procedures for the application of EqPA including sample collection, storage, and analysis are also essential to improve the reliability of SQGs. The normalized Dianchi Lake SQGs were higher than most of the empirically based SQGs developed in North America, but lower than Hong Kong interim SQGs except for cadmium and arsenic. The differences could be attributed to the approaches used for derivation of SQGs and the water quality criteria adopted and the differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments.

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Dianchi Lake,China

Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4^+ -N re-lease from sediments increased with pH, but NO3^- -N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels.The net flux of NH4^+ -N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overly-ing water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3^- -N occur. It was also shown that phos-phorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marsh, Plants and Sediments in Iraq

This work represents sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the local environment of five major stations at marshland in southern Iraq from May 2013. Average concentration of PAHs （polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons） in the sampling sediments and three types of plants were lower than the guideline value. This study examined presence of PAHs may from reach aquatic environment in marshes, deposition of airborne particles. Having a relatively low water solubility to the suspended particulate matter, most of the PAHs introduced to the aquatic environment tend to accumulate in bottom sediments. Sedimentary PAHs may thus provide a record of the input and history of these pollutants, and the distribution of PAH／＇s in aquatic sediments has received considerable attention. Owing to the concentration of PAHs in the study area, its concentration level still meets the sediment quality guideline value （ERL： 4,022 ng/g dry weight）; however, according to the PELq （probable effects level） factor, slightly adverse biological effects are associated with the exposure to PAHs levels in the study area （0.1 〈 PELq = 0.24 〈 0.5）.

Managing Water Quality in Huntsman Lake （Virginia, USA）reDevelopment and Implementation of Restoration Strategies

Huntsman Lake is located within the Middle Run of the Pohick Creek watershed, which is itself located within the much larger Chesapeake Bay watershed. Data collected from both the water column and the lake＇s sediments indicate that phosphorus-rich bottom sediments are an important internal loading source, and these internal phosphorus loads would continue to adversely impact water quality until and unless sediments are removed or inactivated. The implementation of artificial circulation was anticipated to be able to increase the sequestration of phosphorus within better oxygenated bottom sediments, and was the first lake management strategy deployed in Huntsman Lake. In the first two years after the installation of a whole-lake circulation system, the lake＇s waters are no longer stratified, and the bottom waters are no longer hypoxic and/or anoxic. While there is no evidence of a subsequent reduction in concentrations of nitrogen or chlorophyll-a, average phosphorus concentrations have decreased. However, high variability in the phosphorus data decreases our confidence that this is a sustained improvement. These results are consistent with prior findings, including those from downstream systems, that the reversal of the symptoms of eutrophication can involve lag-periods up to several years, if they are successful at all.

Distribution of n-alkanes in Miocene loess in Qinan, western Chinese Loess Plateau, and its palaeoenvironmental implications

Neogene eolian successions are one of the most important terrestrial palaeoenvironmental archives in East Asia.However, they have received far less attention than Quaternary loess deposits, especially in the case of lipid biomarker analysis.In order to obtain a better insight into the early-middle Miocene palaeoenvironment, we conducted a study of n-alkane biomarkers from sediments of the QA-I section(Qinan) in the western Chinese Loess Plateau, and compared the results with those of previous n-alkane analyses of eolian and aquatic sediments of varying age. Our principal results are as follows:(1) All QA-I samples contain n-alkanes ranging from C_(14) to C_(35), among which the relative content of short-chain n-alkanes(C_(14)–C_(20)) from microorganisms is significantly greater than that of long-chain n-alkanes(C_(26)–C_(35)) from the waxes of terrestrial higher plants;the main peak is at C_(16)–C_(18). All samples have a relatively lower abundance of medium-chain n-alkanes(C_(21)–C_(25)) than that of long-and short-chain n-alkanes, similar to strongly weathered palaeosols in Quaternary loess and Late Miocene-Pliocene Hipparion Red-Earth; however, this distribution is significantly different from that in weakly-weathered loess of Quaternary loess and Late Miocene-Pliocene Hipparion Red-Earth, as well as from aquatic sediments.(2) Despite some odd-over-even carbon predominance of long-chain n-alkanes in the QA-I samples, the carbon preference index(CPI) values are significantly lower than those of most of the weakly-weathered sediments. Our results show that strong weathering and microbial processes have significantly altered the n-alkanes in the Miocene eolian deposits in Qinan, and led to a significant oxidation and degradation of long-chain n-alkanes and the predominance of short-chain n-alkanes from bacteria. Therefore, the contribution of microorganism to total organic carbon(TOC) and its resulting in carbon isotopic composition should be carefully assessed in future studies.

珠江口三维水质与底泥耦合模型的验证及应用

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水动力模型,建立了可描述珠江口水体-底泥中营养盐动态变化的三维水质-底泥模型,利用1999年和2006年夏季观测数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模拟分析了珠江口主要水质因子和底泥营养盐通量的分布特征,以及底泥通量对珠江口营养盐输入的贡献.验证结果表明,模型能较好地反映出水体和底泥中的营养盐及溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征,各水质因子的模拟值与观测值的相对误差均小于38%;另外,底泥营养盐通量的模拟值与文献报道的实测结果较为接近,表明模型能合理地刻画出底泥主要生化过程及通量变化特征.模拟结果显示,夏季珠江口氨氮(NH_4^+-N)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4^(3-)-P)通量主要从底泥向水体输送,底泥是水体氮磷元素的源,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮(NO_3^-+NO_2^-,NO23)的通量输送方向则与之相反,底泥呈现"汇"的效应;底泥营养盐通量主要从河口向外海递减,伶仃洋NH_4^+-N、NO23、PO_4^(3-)-P的通量变化范围分别为0.24~8.88、-10.06^-0.14、-0.37~0.41 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1),珠江口近海的通量变化范围分别为-0.01~4.14、-1.45~0.68、-0.12~0.09 mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1).整体而言,底泥营养盐通量对珠江口营养盐输入有明显贡献,夏季经底泥释放进入水体的NH_4^+-N和PO_4^(3-)-P最大相当于陆源总氮、总磷输入量的12%和22%.