沈阳现代化都市圈水供给服务供需平衡研究

以沈阳现代化都市圈为研究区,从地级市尺度上综合自然水文过程和居民生产、生活消费需求,揭示区域水供给服务供需平衡关系,为区域水资源优化管理提供依据。基于GIS平台,采用2000、2010和2020年土地利用数据,耦合InVest模型产水量模块、水需求服务模型、水资源安全指数等多种方法,以空间可视化的方式模拟研究水供给服务格局。研究结果表明:2000-2020年沈阳现代化都市圈水供给量和水需求量均呈现先增多后减少的趋势,供需平衡状况差距较大;2000年沈阳市、鞍山市、辽阳市、铁岭市、阜新市的水资源安全指数以及2010年、2020年沈阳市、辽阳市水资源安全指数均低于0.5;研究区水供给服务的供给与需求在空间分布上呈现显著的不匹配特征,区域东部铁岭市、抚顺市、本溪市为主要供给区,中部沈阳市、辽阳市需大于供,水资源供需矛盾突出。研究框架思路与研究结果能够为都市圈尺度水资源供需矛盾的协调提供一定的决策依据。

基于WEAP模型的河北省水资源供需平衡分析

采用水资源评价和规划(WEAP)模型,从全省和流域尺度分析了河北省水资源供需平衡关系,在人口预案和节水预案下预测了2030年流域水资源供需变化趋势。结果表明:在不考虑外调水的情况下,2018年河北省缺水量为17.17亿m3,其中农业缺水占94.18%;在流域经济、农业、生态水平保持现状基准年不变的基础上,仅考虑人口发展政策情况下,到2030年河北省需求量为206.53亿m3,与2018年相比增加了14.1%;在提高灌溉水有效利用系数、工业用水重复利用率和降低公共管网渗漏率的情况下,到2030年河北省可节省用水量为2018用水量的7.96%,节水预案可取得显著成效。对该地区进行水资源供需平衡分析研究,能够为水资源综合规划与有效利用、地区可持续发展提供科学依据与实践经验。

太子河流域水资源供需分析

将水资源4次供需平衡分析运用在太子河流域中。1次平衡分析从生活、工业、农业、和压盐的角度研究需水,地下水、地表水联合调度研究供水;2次平衡分析考虑环境需水。通过流域开源节流和治污挖潜抑制需水增长,增加供水量;3次平衡分析中本着优先向供水效率高的地区(或行业)供水并调整产业结构的原则,建立水资源优化配置供水模型,能有效减小太子河流域供需缺口;4次定性分析外流域调水可进一步促进水资源供需平衡。

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development inNorthwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65. 94 x 10~8m^3 of water resourcesavailable in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43. 33x 10~8m^3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss ofevaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25. 69 x 1010~8m^3. So net use efficiency of waterresources is 59% Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecologicalenvironment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system whereirrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of waterresource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extendirrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83. 3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9% . The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production.Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrowand border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover andtechniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigatedwater. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has beenestimated as 56% - 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developedfrom water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China inlarge scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-savingmeasures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation ofwater resources in three river systems.

Exploitation, Utilization Status, and Development Prospects of Water Resources in Ningbo City

Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that：（1） The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing.（2） The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51–23.35 during 2001–2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available.（3） Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Supply and Demand Balance of Water Supply Services in the Dongjiang Lake Basin and Its Beneficiary Areas

Water-related ecosystem services is a hot topic in ecological research. Water supply services are crucial to regional water cycles and water quantity balance. The Dongjiang Lake basin is a national priority river basin in China where ecological compensation pilot programs concerning water resources and water supply services are top priorities for ecosystem service protection. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns associated with generation and use of water supply services in the Dongjiang Lake basin using the In VEST model, socio-economic data and water resource data. We found that between 1995 and 2010, water yield in the Dongjiang Lake basin and its beneficiary areas increased before declining, varying 9350–12 400 m3 ha-1 y-1; average water yield peaked in 2000. The spatial distribution patterns of water yield during these years are similar, progressively decreasing from upstream to downstream with a remarkable reduction in surrounding areas of city clusters. Average water consumption of the basin and its beneficiary areas ranged from 2900–4450 m3 ha-1 y-1 between 1995 and 2010; the spatial distribution patterns of water consumption during these years are similar, dropping gradually from urban construction land to its surroundings with a stronger gradient between urban and rural areas. More water was consumed on both banks and surroundings of the lake. From 1995 to 2010, water supply fell short of demand for urban construction land and its proximity as well as areas along the lake. Water supply services were able to satisfy needs in other regions. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city cluster suffers from the most strained water supply.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Flow of Water Provision Service Balance in Jinghe River Basin

Quantifying the whole process of ecosystem services from generation through transfer to use,and analyzing the balance between the supply and demand of regional ecosystem services are of great significance for formulating regional sustainable development strategies,realizing regional ecosystem management,and effective resource allocation.Based on the SWAT model,InVEST model,ArcGIS,and other software,this study analyzed the supply-demand balance of water provision services in Jinghe River Basin,a typical region located in the Loess Plateau,using multi-source data.This research then analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution pattern and spatial matching characteristics of the supply and demand of water provision services in Jinghe River Basin from 2000 to 2015.On this basis,a spatial flow model of water provision service was constructed,the flow rules(flow paths)of the water provision service were explored at the subwatershed scale,and the spatial scope of the supply area and benefit area were depicted.The results show that:(1)Water resource supply and demand in the Jinghe River basin both showed increasing trends from 2000 to 2015.(2)The supply-demand balance of water resources was generally up to the standard,however,there were significant differences between urban and rural areas.The supply-demand balances of the central urban areas of each county were relatively low,and even exceeded the supply in the lower reaches of the Jingyang River,such as Gaoling County,Qindu District,and Jingyang County.In rural areas,due to the small population and industrial distribution,coupled with a better ecological environmental base,the supply-demand balance was relatively high,such as Pengyang County,Lingtai County,Huachi County,Huanxian County,Ningxian County,and Zhenyuan County.(3)From 2000 to 2015,the spatial matching pattern of supply and demand in the Jinghe River Basin showed a trend of decline with fluctuations.In 2015,the supply-demand ratios of more than 60%of the subwatersheds showed trends of decline,and the proportion of under-supply area increased by 55.7%in 2015 compared with that in 2000.(4)The supply areas of water provision service in Jinghe River Basin are distributed in the upper reaches of the basin,and the benefit areas are Huating County,Chongxin County,Yongshou County,Chunhua County,Ganxian County,Liquan County,Qindu District,and others in the middle and lower reaches.