联合GRACE与TRMM探测阿富汗水储量能力及其发生洪水的可能性

联合重力恢复和气候探测任务(gravity recovery and climate experiment,GRACE)确定的陆地水储量变化以及降水测量卫星任务(tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite,TRMM)提供的降水观测数据,探测局部地区发生洪水的可能性,是一种非常有用的遥测方法。本文提出了一种改进的方法来探测阿富汗陆地水储量能力及其发生洪水的可能性。首先,根据GRACE数据确定的陆地水储量变化获取改进的水储量不足,进而估计阿富汗水储量能力;其次,联合TRMM降水数据,建立阿富汗洪水因子模型;最后,将阿富汗洪水因子结果与中国气象局国家气候中心观测图进行对比。结果表明,洪水因子与中国气象局国家气候中心观测结果基本吻合,并从时间和空间角度真实地反应了阿富汗地区发生的洪水。因此,联合GRACE和TRMM卫星观测数据可探测阿富汗发生洪水的可能性,并为研究区域洪水预警提供了新的有利工具。

Strength and energy exchange of deep sandstone under high hydraulic conditions

To investigate the influence of confining pressure and pore water pressure on strength characteristics,energy storage state and energy release intensity at peak failure of deep sandstone,a series of triaxial compression tests under hydraulic coupling conditions are carried out.By analyzing the process of rock deformation and failure,the stress thresholds of the rock are obtained.The change trend of total energy density,elastic energy density and dissipated energy density of deep sandstone in the pre-peak stage is obtained by the graphical integration method.By comparing the dynamic energy storage level of rocks under different confining pressures,the influence of pore water pressure on the energy dissipation at stress thresholds of crack closure stress,crack initiation stress,crack damage stress and peak stress is analyzed.Based on the ratio of pre-peak total energy density to post-peak total energy density,the interaction mechanism of confining pressure and pore water pressure for the rock burst proneness of deep sandstone is studied.The experimental results show that the peak stress of sandstone increases with the increase of confining pressure,while the existence of pore water pressure can weaken the peak stress of sandstone.In the stress stage from crack closure stress to peak stress,the dynamic energy storage level of rock presents a trend of the inverse“check mark”.Meanwhile,the larger the confining pressure,the higher the energy storage level of rock.However,the pore water pressure increases the degree of energy dissipation of rock and reduces the energy storage capacity of rock,and the degree of dissipation is linear with pore water pressure.The increase of confining pressure aggravates the instability and failure of deep sandstone,while pore water pressure has the opposite effect.The research results will provide necessary data support for the stability analysis of rock mass excavation in sandstone stratum under high stress and high pore water pressure.