水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及土壤还原性物质的影响

通过探索水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及土壤还原性物质的影响,为该模式下水稻水分管理和土壤改良提供科学依据。在水稻直播和机插两种种植方式下,分别设置以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等措施为主的水分优化管理处理、以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次轻晒田等措施为主的水分常规管理处理,于湖北省潜江市采用田间定位试验开展研究。结果表明,在水稻直播和机插条件下,水分优化管理相对于常规管理平均增产率分别为8.5%和9.4%,增产效果均达到显著水平。相对于常规管理,水分优化管理对水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数的正效应大于结实率和千粒质量。水稻分蘖后期,水分优化管理相对于常规管理0~10 cm土层亚铁含量下降40.8%~41.8%,0~20 cm土层还原性物质总量下降45.1%~46.4%;与分蘖后期相比,水稻收获后0~20 cm土层亚铁和还原性物质总量总体呈下降趋势。由此表明,稻虾共作模式下分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等水分优化管理措施能够显著增加水稻产量,缓解土壤潜育化程度。

水分优化及液体防霉系统在饲料生产中的应用研究

通过对中国4个省份、5家饲料企业的水分优化及液体防霉(MOP)系统在颗粒饲料生产及MOP对仔猪生产性能影响的试验数据进行科学系统的分析,结果显示MOP系统对解决饲料加工过程中出现的诸如水分损失、能耗较高、设备损耗等问题有较好的效果,同时也得出在提高动物生产性能方面的正面结论。试验表明,美国建明公司的MOP系统理论完善,设备精密度高,产品性能稳定,使用效果好,可以给饲料生产企业带来可观的经济效益。

水分优化系统(MOP)的应用对饲料中淀粉糊化度的影响

研究旨在观察建明工业（珠海）有限公司的水分优化系统（moisture optimization program，MOP）对饲料中淀粉糊化度的影响。选取正在使用MOP系统的江西、广东及河南三家代表性的大型饲料企业，针对不同饲料配方和淀粉含量，分别收集样品，在实验室中检测其淀粉糊化度。结果表明，使用MOP后，各公司饲料样品中的淀粉糊化度的提高率为7．74％～19．53％．由于水活度没有因为MOP的使用而受到明显的影响，饲料并不会因水分优化而增加霉变风险。这说明MOP可以很好地应用于饲料的生产，提升饲料品质。

水分优化及液体防霉系统对肉鸡颗粒饲料生产的影响

对分布在不同地区的3家饲料企业进行水分优化及液体防霉系统(Moisture Optimization Program,MOP)在颗粒饲料生产中的试验,将试验数据进行科学系统地分析,结果显示MOP系统对解决肉鸡颗粒饲料加工过程中出现的诸如水分损失、能耗较高、设备损耗等问题有较好的效果,同时并没有带来额外的饲料储存风险。试验及生产实践表明,美国建明公司的MOP系统理论完善、设备精密度高、产品性能稳定、使用效果好,可以给饲料生产企业带来可观的经济效益。

液体霉敌霸水分优化系统(MOP)效益研究

液体霉敌霸是由拥有先进表面活性加工工艺是一种以丙酸为主的防霉剂。它含有表面活性剂和其它起协同作用的有机酸,能调节水分并有效抑制霉菌生长。由于饲料原料成本的增加,越来越多的饲料企业正在寻求对加工工艺和产品进行优化,以降低生产成本,提高生产效率,从而获得更多的利润。本研究在A饲料厂进行,采用对比试验方法,评估在饲料中应用1.0%和1.5%水分优化系统(MOP)所带来的效益。试验结果表明,饲料中应用1.0%和1.5%的MOP,提高了饲料产量和生产效率,降低能耗,提高了颗粒料耐久性指数(PDI),并有效控制霉菌生长。根据试验结果评估,应用1.0%和1.5%的MOP每年为A饲料厂可分别节省467美元、520美元和650美元、880美元。

不同供肥条件下水分分配对旱地玉米产量的影响

通过盆栽试验和田间试验，研究了不同供肥条件下不同生育期水分状况对玉米产量的影响。结果表明，任何生育期的土壤干旱胁迫均会导致玉米减产，肥料供应充足时减产幅度较小；干旱胁迫越严重，肥料的这一作用越显著。无论正常供肥还是低肥，玉米对抽雄期土壤水分最敏感，防止这一时期干旱胁迫对保证玉米产量具有重要意义。拔节期是旱地玉米有限灌溉的另一个关键时期，水分的增产潜力很大，低肥时增加拔节期土壤水分供应效果更显著。玉米苗期并不耐旱，尤其是低肥时苗期干旱显著影响玉米的籽粒产量。在相对含水量45％～90％范围内。玉米产量随土壤含水量的增加而增加，但增加幅度与肥料供应和生育期有关。玉米获得最高产量的土壤水分条件与肥料供应密切相关，与正常供肥相比，低肥时所需土壤含水量较低。玉米增产的肥效大于水效，产量随肥料投入的增加显著提高，水分胁迫条件下增加肥料供应同样具有增产作用。肥料供应不足时水分的增产作用会受到限制。在现有的水资源条件下，提高肥料供应水平是旱地玉米增产的主要途径。

A multi-objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water resources and its method

Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.

Optimization of ISSR-PCR Reaction System and Preliminary Construction of ISSR Fingerprinting of Some Species in Bryaceae

[Objective] The aim was to provide molecular basis for the identification of species in the moss family Bryaceae by the construction of inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） fingerprinting. [Method] In order to seek standardizing PCR reaction set-up, an orthogonal design was used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system of Bryaceae in five factors （Mg2＋, dNTPs, primer, DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase） at four levels respectively. [Result] A suitable ISSR reaction system was obtained, namely： 20 μl reaction system containing 5 ng of DNA template, 0.2 μmol/L primer, 2.25 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.6 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 mmol/L dNTPs. Proper annealing temperature was found at 48-50 ℃.The above system and six ISSR-PCR primers were used for the PCR amplification of 14 samples from Bryaceae and the related species in Mniaceae. A total of 86 bands were amplified, all showed polymorphism. NJ cluster analysis showed a star-shaped cladogram. [Conclusion] The results manifested that ISSR fingerprinting could provide the appropriate degree of polymorphism at low taxonomic level, so it would be a useful tool to provide additional evidence for resolving taxonomic relationships at the species level of Bryaceae.

Optimization Analysis of Campus Topic Space in Colleges and Universities——A Case Study of the Colleges and Universities in Lishui, Zhejiang Province

University campus is the most important place for life, study, activity and experience of contemporary college students. It is helpful for students to survive and develop to create the topic space of campus. Taking the topic space of college campuses in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province as an example, the current situations are analyzed through questionnaire survey and field visit. The results show that uni- versity campus space needs a clear topic; the demands are generally large for the topics of exchange and communication, learning and thinking, sports and leisure in all kinds of space; the creation of these types of topic spaces should focus on the peaceful environment, beautiful scenery, privacy of the space and WlFI coverage.

Optimal Dispatching of Large-scale Water Supply System

This paper deals with the use of optimal control techniques in large-scale water distribution networks. According to the network characteristics and actual state of the water supply system in China, the implicit model, which may be solved by utilizing the hierarchical optimization method, is established. In special, based on the analyses of the water supply system containing variable-speed pumps, a software tool has been developed successfully. The application of this model to the city of Shenyang (China) is compared to experiential strategy. The results of this study show that the developed model is a very promising optimization method to control the large-scale water supply systems.

Effects of AlN hydrolysis on fractal geometry characteristics of residue from secondary aluminium dross using response surface methodology

The effects of aluminium nitride(AlN)hydrolysis on fractal geometry characteristics of residue from secondary aluminium dross were studied using response surface methodology.The results show that the fractal dimensions of the residue can be significantly influenced by the AlN hydrolysis from secondary aluminium dross.The hydrolysis of AlN in the dross was spontaneous under temperatures of303-373K.The actual fractal dimensions of residue were significantly affected by the liquid-solid ratio(p<0.05)and changed from1.16to1.80,which accurately aligned with those from the calculations.Moreover,the fractal dimensions of residue were significantly affected by the interactions between hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time,liquid-solid ratio and hydrolysis time,respectively(p<0.01).The minimum fractal dimensions of the residue reached1.15under the optimized conditions,which included a hydrolysis temperature of30℃,liquid-solid ratio of5mL/g and hydrolysis time of10min.The results suggest that response surface methodology can guide in optimizing the conditions of AlN hydrolysis in order to obtain the minimum fractal dimensions of residue for improving the reutilization of the dross.

Analysis on the Interaction of Parameters of Single-contaminant Regeneration Recycling Water Systems

Method for constructing the optimal water supply line and formulas for calculating the targets for single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems are improved to apply to the situation of variational pararneters in this article. Based on these extending methods, the effect of varying freshwater consumption and regenerated water flow rate on the optimizing results are investigated. The interactions of parameters of regeneration recycling systems are summarized. Finally, all the conclusions are illustrated from the results of mathematical programming through an example.

Global Optimization for the Synthesis of Integrated Water Systems with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fresh water and wastewater treatment is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alterna- tives for wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle, is synthesized with a non-linear programming model. An evolutionary approach--an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed for optimizing such systems. Two simple examples are .Presented.to illustrate the global op.timization of inte.grated water networks using the proposed algorithm.

Process optimization of an industrial acetic acid dehydration progress via heterogeneous azeotropic distillation

The simulated process model of the HAc dehydration process under actual overloaded condition was conducted by amending the model of standard condition in our previous work using the process data collected from actual production. Based on the actual process model, the operation optimization analysis of each plant(HAc dehydration column, decanter and NPA recycle column) was conducted using Residue Curve Maps(RCMs),sensitivity analysis and software optimization module. Based on the optimized parameters, the influence of feed impurity MA and the temperature of decanter on the separating effect and energy consumption of the whole process were analyzed. Then the whole process operation optimizing strategy was proposed with the objective that the total reboiler duty Q Total of C-1 and C-3 reaches the minimum value, keeping C-1 and C-3 at their optimized separation parameters obtained above, connecting all the broken recycle and connection streams, and using the temperature of D-1 as operation variable. The optimization result shows that the total reboiler duty Q Total of the whole process can reach the minimum value of 128.32 × 10~6 k J·h^(-1) when the temperature of decanter is 352.35 K, and it can save 5.94 × 10~6 k J·h^(-1), about 2.56 t·h^(-1) low-pressure saturated vapor.

Inverse displacement analysis of the general six degree-of-freedom serial robot based on optimization method

The paper presents a new solution of inverse displacement analysis of the general six degree-of-freedom serial robot.The inverse displacement analysis of the general serial robot is transformed into a minimization problem and then the optimization method is adopted to solve the nonlinear least squares problem with the analytic form of new Jacobian matrix.In this way,joint variables of the general serial robot can be searched out quickly under the desired precision when positions of the three non-collinear end effector points are given.Compared with the general Newton iterative method,the proposed algorithm can search out the solution when the robot is at the singular configuration and the initial configuration used in the optimization method may also be the singular configuration.So the convergence domain is bigger than that of the general Newton iterative method.Another advantage of the proposed algorithm is that positions of the three non-collinear end effector points are usually much easier to be measured than the orientation of the end effector.The inverse displacement analysis of the general 6R(six-revolute-joint) serial robot is illustrated as an example and the simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.Because the three non-collinear points can be selected at random,the method can be applied to any other types of serial robots.

Process Optimization of Vacuum Fried Rice-Straw Mushroom （Volvariella Volvacea） Stem Chip Making

The study was aimed to obtain the optimum conditions for vacuum frying and predicting the moisture lost during rice straw mushrooms stem chip production. The raw materials were obtained from the local farmer around the campus. A completely randomized factorial experimental design and Duncan＇s multiple range tests were used to achieve the objectives. Three temperatures, i.e. 80, 90 and 100 ℃ and five frying time, i.e. 3, 6, 9, and 15 minutes with a 2 mm slice thickness were studied to determine the optimum condition and predict the moisture decrease. Results showed that the vacuum frying time in general affects the chips color and oil uptake significantly （p 〈 0.01） and correlated with the moisture decrease. The chips moisture content decline significantly after vacuum frying at 90 ℃ and 100 ℃ for 3 minutes. While for the 80 ℃ vacuum frying, the significant decrease of moisture occurred due to the increase of vacuum frying time from 3 to 6 minutes （p 〈 0.01）. The optimum conditions for a 2 mm slice thickness chips making are vacuum frying at 100 ℃ for 3 minutes. The chips moisture lost followed generally a two-stage of falling rate pattern during vacuum frying, and each could be well predicted by an exponential equation （R2 = 0.99）.

Mechanism analysis and process optimization of sand and plug removal with rotating jet in horizontal well

In the view of the problems existing in horizontal well,such as sand depositing and cleaning difficulty of borehole,a technology with rotating jet suitable to resolution of the problems was presented.Based on liquid solid two-phase flow theory,the analyses on the sand movement law and the swirling field influential factors were conducted.Results show that:1) With the increasing of displacement in horizontal section annulus,swirling field strength increases,and when the displacement is constant,the closer from the nozzle,the stronger the swirling field strength is;2) Head rotating speed and liquid viscosity have little influence on the swirling field strength,but the sand-carrying rate of fluid can increase by increasing liquid viscosity in a certain range;3) Rotating the string and reducing its eccentricity in annulus are conducive for sand migration in the annulus;4) The sand can be suspended and accelerated again and the swirling field strength is enhanced by the helix agitator.Hence,the research results provide the theoretical basis for the design and application of rotating jet tool.

Application of genetic algorithm for influent flow distribution in the four stage A/O biological nutrient removal system

The application of the Genetic Algorithm （GA） for the influent flow optimized distribution in the four stage pilot plant of Step-Feed Biological Nutrient Removal （BNR） System was discussed. Under decided process parameter and influent water conditions, the objective function of optimization was designed to minimize the difference between estimated and required effluent concentrations at the four stage pilot plant of Step-Feed BNR System, the optimized parameter for influent distribution ratios of the four stages is 37.2%, 27.4%, 23.2% and 12.2% respectively. According to the optimizations results and raw wastewater pilot-scale experiment, the average removal efficiencies for pollutants are higher.

Optimal Groundwater Irrigation Allocation of Al-Wajid Aquifer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Groundwater is the primary water source in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As result of lack of basic knowledge on irrigation practices, massive abstractions of groundwater occurred in 1980＇s. A Decision Support Linear Goal Programming （LGP） model was developed to determine optimal groundwater irrigation levels, to assess the implications for water management policies, and to estimate welfare impact on producer surplus. Due to the reductions of groundwater in 1980＇s, the Al-Wajid aquifer water levels have dropped in agricultural areas by more than 200 m. Results from this study estimate that the total groundwater of the Al-Wajid aquifer that can be saved is equal to 66 MCM for the first scenario, 147 MCM for the second scenario, and 229 MCM for the third scenario. Regarding the welfare analysis impacts, it is clear that the total gross margin is decreasing up to 7.7% at the end of the year of scenario Ⅲ. Therefore, the third scenario with a water saving increase to 18.1% is recommended as a directive for agricultural policy formation in the future.

Process Optimization and Characterization of Sorghum Based Extruded Product

Expanded snacks made up of corn, wheat and rice is very popular because of their texture. Sorghum is one of the important cereals, which is not so far studied well for extrusion processing. Due to presence of high amount of starch （56%-73%）： sorghum could be the good candidate for manufacturing of expanded snacks. The extruded products obtained using extrusion conditions such as feed moisture content （12%-16%）, die temperature （150-190℃）, screw speed （150-210 rpm） and feed rate （50-70 g min1） are further characterized by analyzing bulk density, expansion ratio, water absorption index （WAI）, water solubility index （WSI）, textural properties, color and sensory evaluation. Increase in feed moisture content resulted in extrudates with gradual increase in density, WAI and hardness and decrease in expansion, WSI, crispness and whiteness. Higher barrel temperature reduced the extrudate expansion, bulk density and hardness and increased the WSI and crispness of the extrudates. The most acceptable product is obtained using response surface methodology （RSM）.