准噶尔荒漠3种短命植物气体交换特征的日变化

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,在晴天条件下对准噶尔荒漠3种典型短命植物东方旱麦草（Eremopyrum orientale）、卷果涩芥（Malcolmia scorpioides）和四齿芥（Tetracme quadricormis）的气体交换特征的日变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥的净光合速率（简称Pn,后同）的日变化呈“双峰”型,14：00（采用时间均为北京时间,后同）左右存在明显的光合“午休”现象,四齿芥Pn的日变化呈“单峰”型,峰值出现在12：00与前两者的第一峰值出现时刻相同。3种植物蒸腾速率（简称E,后同）的日变化均呈“单峰”型,但不同植物的峰谷值出现时刻不同。水分利用效率（WUE）日变化,四齿芥呈“单峰”型,东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥呈“双峰”型,峰值分别出现在8：00～10：00之间,后两者第二峰值分别出现在16：00和18：00。②根据Pn、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）的变化方向,推测3种短命植物的光合“午休”,东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥主要受非气孔因素限制,而四齿芥主要受气孔因素限制。③卷果涩芥和四齿芥两种十字花科草本日平均Pn、E和WUE均高于禾本科东方旱麦草,尤其卷果涩芥是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用率的物种。④相关分析结果表明,对Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光合有效辐射（PAR）,对E影响最显著的因子3种植物各不相同。

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Superhigh-yield Hybrid Rice

The photosynthetic functions and the sensitivity to photoinhibition were compared between two superhigh_yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100, the newly developed from two parental lines and traditional hybrid rice Shanyou 63 developed from three parental lines. The results showed that, as compared to Shanyou 63, the net photosynthetic rate of Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 was 9.1% and 11.9% higher, the transpiration rate was 37.4% and 31.4% lower, and their water use efficiency was 74.2% and 63.5% higher respectively. After strong light (2 000 μmol photons·m -2 ·s -1 ) treatment for 2 h, the photochemical quantum yield and the photochemical quenching increased by 37.0% and 18.0% respectively in Liangyoupeijiu, 28.3% and 46.2% in X07S/Zihui 100, but decreased a little in Shanyou 63. The non_photochemical quenching decreased in Liangyoupeijiu and X07S/Zihui 100 (about 50%) but increased greatly in Shanyou 63 (about 50%). Better photosynthetic functions, higher water use efficiency and stronger resistance to photoinhibition, may be the physiological basis for the super high_yield of the two hybrid rice under study.

Responses of the seedlings of five dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain to soil water stress

Soil water stress was studied on the potted seedlings of five dominant tree species (Pinus koraienes Sieb.et Zucc., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz) from the broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Leaf growth, water transpiration and photosynthesis were compared for each species under three soil moisture conditions: 85%-100% (high water, CK), 65%-85% (Medium water, MW) and 45%-65% (low water, LW) of 37.4% water-holding capacity in field. The results showed that the characteristic of typical drought-resistance of the leaves is significantly developed. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Fraxinus mandshurica were higher in MW than those in CK. But for the other four species, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in CK were lower than those in MW and LW. The transpiration rate responding to soil moistures varied from species to species.

Comparison of Gas Exchange Characteristic in Leaves of Soybean Varieties with Different Yield Levels

[Objective] The aim was to explore the gases exchange characteristic in leaves of soybean cultivars at different yield levels to provide a certain theories basis for high yield breeding and cultivation of soybean cultivars. [Method] Nine soybean cultivars divided into three yield levels were planted under the same environmental condition. At V4（seedling）,R2（blooming）,R4（pod-bearing）,R6（pod-filling） and R7（maturing） growth stages,the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）,stomatal conductance （Gs） and transpiration rate （Tr） in soybean leaves were measured with Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system. [Result] At all growth stages,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance in leaves of high yield soybean cultivars were significantly higher than low yield soybean cultivars. At V4,R2 and R4 stages,transpiration rate in leaves of high yield soybean cultivars was significantly higher than low yield soybean cultivars; there was no significant difference on transpiration rate in leaves of soybean cultivars at different yield levels at R6 and R7 stage. At V4 and R2 stage,water use efficiency （WUE） in leaves of soybean cultivars at different yield showed a trend of low yield cultivarsmiddle yield cultivarshigh yield cultivars,while it appeared high yield cultivarsmiddle yield cultivarslow yield cultivars at R4,R6 and R7 stage. [Conclusion] The gases exchange capacity in leaves of high yield soybean cultivars was significantly higher than low yield soybean cultivars,which had provided physiological basis of high yield. The net photosynthetic rate could be used as an selection index of high yield soybean.

Response of seedlings of different tree species to elevated CO_2 in Changbai Mountain

Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.

Changes of Gas Exchanges in Leaves of Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Released in Different Years

Three winter wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.), representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental condition, and their physiological features were investigated. Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (P-n), transpiration (T-r) in different growth stages were measured in order to find the relationship between leaf photosynthesis and yield. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf was calculated from P-n/T-r. It is suggested that relationship between photosynthetic rate and yield changed with the developing stages of wheat. High yield wheat cultivar Jingdong 8 (released in the 1990s) had a higher photosynthetic rate ( the maximal P-n increased by 77%) and transpiration rate (the maximal T-r increased by 69%), but a lower WUE than the low yield cultivar Yanda 1817 (released in the 1940s) during the day time at stem elongation stage. However; difference of P-n among the three cultivars changed with wheat growth process. Before 10 o'clock P-n in leaves of Jingdong 8 usually was the highest of the three cultivars, but P-n of Yanda 1817 was the highest after 10 o'clock. At dough ripe stage, P-n in leaves of Yanda. 1817 was the highest among the three cultivars during the whole day. The difference of changing trend of transpiration in three wheat cultivars was similar to P,, but WUE of Yanda 1817 was the highest in those three cultivars, indicating that the higher yield of Jingdong 8 was achieved via a greater consumption of water. Contrary to the cultivars released in the later period, midday depression of photosynthesis was small in Yanda 1817, which might suggest that Yanda 1817 was resistant to photoinhibition. It is possible that photosynthetic potential in leaves of wheat increased as wheat cultivars was improved over the past six decades. However, it became less resistant to photoinhibition.

广西八角莲与八角莲光响应特性的比较研究

为了解濒危植物广西八角莲对环境光强的适应性,该研究以广西八角莲同属渐危种八角莲为对照,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对两种植物的光合光响应特性进行了比较研究,进而探讨广西八角莲的濒危机制。结果表明:广西八角莲与的八角莲的光饱和点分别为440和530μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),光补偿点为13.25和13.10μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),最大净光合速率为3.62和6.81μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),表观量子效率为0.065和0.042μmol·μmol^(-1),两种八角莲均具阴生草本植物的光合特性,但其光补偿点与饱和点均高于一般阴生草本,10%~30%阴蔽度的林下生境有利于两种八角莲的生长;两种植物相比较,广西八角莲的光合能力较弱,光饱和点较低,但其弱光下的量子效率较高。大部分光强下,八角莲的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均高于广西八角莲,但广西八角莲的瞬时水分利用效率却高于八角莲,表明广西八角莲的光合策略比较保守,以较低的光合积累为代价来维持较高的水分利用效率,以保持体内水分平衡。