气水分界面稳定运动的渗流力学条件研究

水驱气藏气水界面的稳定运动及均匀推进 ,对于气井稳定正常生产 ,提高气藏采收率有较大的影响。文中考虑具有一定倾角的均质各向同性的边水气藏 ,在原始气水界面为一水平面的情况下 ,利用气、水地层渗流的基本规律 ,从理论上详细推导了保持气水分界面稳定运动的气体渗流速度应满足的条件 。

边水气藏气水分界面(线)运动的稳定性

本文用流体动力学小扰动方法阐明了边水气藏气水分界面(线)运动的稳定性条件。

边水气藏气水分界面(线)运动的稳定性

在地层倾角、渗透率、孔隙度为常数、地层均质各向同性，流体不可压缩，边水气藏初始气水分界线平直的假设条件下，用流体动力学小扰动方法，严格证得了分界线运动的稳定性条件。首先将问题转化为平面问题，然后引进速度势函数，据Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ观点，将分界线上流体质点的真实速度转换为渗流速度，并写出分界线上势函数应满足的动力学条件，将问题归结为Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ方程的求解。据初始分界线平直的假定，又将问题线性化，从而求得平直分界线问题的解。进一步引进扰动量和扰动势函数后，又将问题归结为求解扰动势函数和扰动量所满足的Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ方程和动力学条件。由于问题是齐次线性的，容易求得扰动势函数和扰动量的解。从解的表达式，便可得到运动的稳定性条件。最后结果与文献１的结果实质上是一致的。

辽西凤凰山自然保护区生态系统水分界面研究

为研究水分在不同生态系统中各界面的空间变化情况,以辽西山地朝阳市凤凰山省级自然保护区为对象,选择辽东栎林、油松林、黄榆林、椴树林等生态系统类型为研究对象,研究水分在植物根系界面与枯落物界面的空间分布及在土壤各剖面层界面的蓄积量及其空间分布及变异性。采用环刀法对研究地区的土壤容重、质量含水率、体积含水率等水分特征做了调查,研究本地区不同群落内水分在土壤-植被系统内的变化规律,土壤水分在水平方向和垂直方向、不同坡位以及在不同林型之间土壤-水分界面上的变化规律并采用地统计学等方法对不同生态系统土壤水分的空间异质性及其分布进行了分析。

SPAC界面水分通量调控理论及其在农业节水中的应用

提出了农田五水(降水、土壤水、地表水、地下水与作(植)物水)的系统概念,讨论了SPAC(土壤-植物-大气)系统中水分运动过程.内容包括SPAC界面水分通量.基于SPAC界面水分耗散与调控研究,提出了农艺节水模式与应用效果.旨在推进农业节水中应用低成本高效益的农艺节水理论与技术.

电容层析成像技术应用于冰水两相测试研究

采用电容层析成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)方法研究冰水两相系统中冰在水中的运动和冰锋面的移动等。研究过程中,先采用传统的闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即电极布置于被测管道某一截面的外侧一周,得到被测截面的冰-水分布,以及冰在水中的运动轨迹。之后,为研究冰锋面的迁移情况,针对测试件的特殊结构设计了新型非闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即沿容器高度上布置了几组电极,每组电极两两相对。当冰锋面浸没过某一对电极时,该对电极电容值迅速减小,因此采用这种布置方式可以获得冰锋面的运动。采用电容层析成像这种非接触测量方式可以获得冰在水中的移动及冻结情况,为进一步研究冻土中的复杂现象提供新型测试手段。

桩底灌浆在桩端周围土体中引起的应力分析

为研究桩底灌浆在桩端周围土体中引起的应力 ,基于桩底灌浆分析求得压力头梯度分布 ,采用有限元法分析了由灌浆产生的渗透力在桩端周围土体中引起的应力及其分布 .分析结果表明 ,灌浆在周围土体中引起的应力沿径向迅速衰减 ,主要作用范围集中在浆球内 .由于水泥砂或水泥砾石的刚度与强度很高 ,在研究灌浆桩的整体性能时 。

桩底灌浆分析

提出了一个在土骨架不可压缩假定下分析桩底灌浆压力场的方法。该方法在径向渗流理论基础上考虑了浆液与水之间的相互作用,求解了灌浆引起的超静水压力及其梯度、灌浆量与浆球半径关系、灌浆量的计算,并给出了由现场灌浆资料确定浆液渗透系数的方法。讨论了一些对灌浆压力场有重要影响的参数。

钻孔灌注桩桩底灌浆分析

提出了一个确定钻孔灌注桩桩底灌浆浆体形状及尺寸的方法.该方法考虑桩端对灌浆渗流场的影响,假定浆水分界面是变球心的球面与圆锥台面组成的复合面,其球心随灌浆量的增加而下移.该假定较以往的灌浆假定有显著改善,与实际灌浆情况较为符合,可以较精确地根据灌浆量确定浆水分界面.并讨论了浆水分界面的控制参数对浆体尺寸的影响.最后给出一个灌浆算例说明本文方法.

Influence of CO_2 Doubling on Water Transport Process at Root/Soil Interface of Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis Seedlings

Water transport at the root/soil interface of 1 year old Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu seedlings under CO 2 doubling was studied by measuring soil electric conductance to survey soil water profiles and comparing it with root distribution surveyed by soil coring and root harvesting in Changbai Mountain in 1999. The results were: (1) The profiles of soil water content were adjusted by root activity. The water content of the soil layer with abundant roots was higher. (2) When CO 2 concentration was doubled, water transport was more active at the root/soil interface and the roots were distributed into deeper layer. It was shown in this work that the method of measuring electric conductance is an inexpensive, non_destructive and relatively sensitive way for underground water transport process.

高层建筑供暖系统的研究

介绍了高层建筑供暖系统高低区直接连接减压循环装置的工作原理、工作过程、布置要求、技术参数和高区增压水泵的选型方法 ,指出该项技术装置已经多次使用 。

Carbon dioxide partial pressure and carbon fluxes of air-water interface in Taihu Lake, China

To obtain carbon dioxide （CO2） flux between water-air interface of Taihu lake, monthly water samplers at 14 sites and the local meteorological data of the lake were collected and analyzed in 1998. Carbon dioxide partial pressures （pCO2） at air-water interface in the lake were calculated using alkalinity, pH, ionic strength, active coefficient, and water temperature. The carbon fluxes at different sublakes and areas were estimated by concentration gradient between water and air in consideration of Schmidt numbers of 600 and daily mean windspeed at 10 m above water surface. The results indicated that the mean values of pCO2 in Wuli Lake,Meiliang Bay, hydrophyte area, west littoral zone, riverine mouths, and the open lake areas were 1 807.8±1 071.4（mean±standard deviation）μatm （latm=1.013 25×10^5pa）, 416.3±217.0μatm, 576.5±758.8μatm, 304.2±9.43.5μatm, 1 933.6±1 144.7 μatm, and 448.5±202.6μatm, respectively. Maximum and minimum pCO2 values were found in the hypertrophic （4 053.7μatm） and the eutrophic （3.2 μatm） areas. The riverine mouth areas have the maximum fluxes （82.0±62.8 mmol/m^2a）. But there was no significant difference between eutrophic and mesotrophic areas in pCO2 and the flux of CO2. The hydrophyte area, however, has the minimum （--0.58±12.9mmol/m^2a）. In respect to CO2 equilibrium, input of the rivers will obviously influence inorganic carbon distribution in the riverine estuary. For example, the annual mean CO2 flux in Zhihugang River estuary was 19 times of that in Meiliang Bay, although the former is only a part of the latter. The sites in the body of the lake show a clear seasonal cycle with pCO2 higher than atmospheric equilibrium in winter, and much lower than atmospheric in summer due to CO2 consumption by photosynthesis. The CO2 amount of the net annual evasion that enters the atmosphere is 28.42×10^4 t/a, of which those from the west littoral zone and the open lake account for 53.8% and 36.7%, respectively.

Orientation and Motion of Water Molecules at Air/Water Interface

Here we report a quantitative study of the orientational structure and motion of water molecule at the air/water interface. Analysis of Sum Frequency Generation （SFG） vibrational peak of the free O-H stretching band at 3700 cm^-1 in four experimental configurations showed that orientational motion of water molecule at air/water interface is libratory within a limited angular range. The free OH bond of the interracial water molecule is tilted around 33°from the interface normal and the orientational distribution or motion width is less than 15°. This picture is significantly different from the previous conclusion that the interracial water molecule orientation varies over a broad range within the ultrafast vibrational relaxation time, the only direct experimental study concluded for ultrafast and broad orient, ational motion of a liquid interface by Wei et al. （Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4799, （2001）） using single SFG experimental configuration.

Study of Oil/Water Interfacial Tension of Vacuum Residual Fractions from Iranian Light Crude Oil

The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.

One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation analysis of soil with continuous drainage boundary

Following the assumptions proposed by MESRI and ROKHSAR,the one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation problem of soil under constant loading is studied by introducing continuous drainage boundary.The numerical solution is derived by using finite difference method and its correctness is assessed by comparing with existing analytical and numerical solutions.Based on the present solution,the effects of interface parameters,stress ratios(i.e.,final effective stress over initial effective stress,N_(σ))and the ratio c_(c)/c_(k)of compression index to permeability index on the consolidation behavior of soil are studied in detail.The results show that,the characteristics of one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of soil are not only related to c_(c)/c_(k)and N_(σ),but also related to boundary conditions.In the engineering practice,the soil drainage rate of consolidation process can be designed by adjusting the values of interface parameters.

The Behavior of Amphiphile at Oil-Water Interface by Monte Carlo Simulation

A novel simple two-dimensional square-lattice model of amphiphile at oil-water interface is developed,in which oil and water act as solvent and occupy empty sites and amphiphile occupies chains of sites. In this model, the oil-water interface is fixed, And amphiphile molecules will be enriched at the oil-water interface. The interfacial concentration of amphiphile calculated by Monte Carlo method shows that it is easier for the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balanced amphiphile to stay at the interface. And the adsorption of amphiphile increases with the increase of amphiphile concentration and the decrease with temperature.

A Molecular Thermodynamic Model for Interfacial Tension in Surfactant-Oil-Water System

An interfacial equation of state based on perturbation theory for surfactant-oil-water system has been developed. By combining the interfacial equation of state with Boudh-Hir and Mansoori's model, a molecular ther-modynamic model has been proposed. The interfacial tension of surfactant-oil-water systems can be calculated from the surface tensions of pure oil and water by this model. The interfacial tension data for sodium dodecyl sulphate-heptane-water system, polyoxyethylene n-octylphenol-heptane-water system and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-heptane-water system have been correlated. By using the adjustable parameters obtained, the interfacial tensions of these systems at other temperatures have been predicted. Both the correlated and the predicted values are satisfactory.

Orientation and Structure of Ionic Liquid Cation at Air/[bmim][BF4] Aqueous Solution Interface

The watermiscible room temperature ionic liquid 1butyl3methylimidazolium tetrafluorob orate （[bmim] [BF4]） is a model system for studying the interactions between ionic liquid and water molecules. In this work the orientational structure of the low concentrated aqueous solution of [bmim] [BF4] at the air/liquid interface was investigated by sum frequency gener ation vibrational spectroscopy. It has been found that at very low concentrations, the butyl chain exhibited a significant gauche defect, indicating a disordered conformation; and the cation ring oriented with a fairly small tilting angle at the surface. When the concentration increased, the cation ring tended to lie flat at the surface, and the gauche defects of the butyl chain decreased due to the intermolecular chainchain interactions and the consequent more ordered interfacial molecular arrangement. Additionally, the antisymmetric stretching mode in the PPP and SPS spectra exhibited a peak shift, showing that there exists more than one kind of orientation or chemical environment for the butyl CH3 group. These results may shed new light on understanding the surface behavior of watermiscible ionic liquids as well as the imidazolium based surfactants.

Absolute Orientation of Molecules with Competing Hydrophilic Head Groups at the Air/Water Interface Probed with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

The constructive or destructive spectral interference between the molecular groups oriented up and down at the interface in the sum-frequency generation （SFG） spectra provides a direct measurement of the absolute orientation of these molecular groups. This simple approach can be employed to interrogate absolute molecular orientations other than using the complex absolute phase measurement in the SFG studies. We used the -CN group in the p-cyanophenol （PCP） molecule as the internal phase standard, and we measured the phases of the SFG fields of the -CN groups in the 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile （35DMHBN） and 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile （26DMHBN） at the air/water interface by measuring the SFG spectra of the aqueous surfaces of the mixtures of the PCP, 35DMHBN, and 26DMHBN solutions. The results showed that the 35DMHBN had its -CN group pointing into the aqueous phase; while the 26DMHBN, similar to the PCP, had its -CN group pointing away from the aqueous phase. The tilt angles of the -CN group for both the 35DMHBN and 26DMHBN molecules at the air/water interface were around 25°-45° from the interface normal. These results provided insights on the understanding of the detailed balance of the competing factors, such as solvation of the polar head groups, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects, etc., on influencing the absolute molecular orientation at the air/water interface.

A molecular dynamics study of calcium silicate hydrates-aggregate interfacial interactions and influence of moisture

The interface properties between hydrated cement paste(hcp)and aggregates largely determine the various performances of concrete.In this work,molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the atomistic interaction mechanisms between the commonly used aggregate phase calcite/silica and calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H),as well as the effect of moisture.The results suggest that the C-S-H/calcite interface is relatively strong and stable under both dry and moist conditions,which is caused by the high-strength interfacial connections formed between calcium ions from calcite and high-polarity non-bridging oxygen atoms from the C-S-H surface.Silica can be also adsorbed on the dry C-S-H surface by the H-bonds;however,the presence of water molecules on the interface may substantially decrease the affinities.Furthermore,the dynamics interface separation tests of C-S-H/aggregates were also implemented by molecular dynamics.The shape of the calculated stress-separation distance curves obeys the quasi-static cohesive law obtained experimentally.The moisture conditions and strain rates were found to affect the separation process of C-S-H/silica.A wetter interface and smaller loading rate may lead to a lower adhesion strength.The mechanisms interpreted here may shed new lights on the understandings of hcp/aggregate interactions at a nano-length scale and creation of high performance cementitious materials.