The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solut...The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solutions of traditional ob- servation technique, the initial water vapor field of numerical weather forecast model can not accurately be described. At present, using GPS slant observa- tions to study water vapor profile is very popular in the world. Using slant water vapor(SWV) observa- tions from Shanghai GPS network,we diagnose the three-dimensional(3D) water vapor structure over Shanghai area firstly in China. In water vapor tomo- graphy, Gauss weighted function is used as horizon- tal constraint, the output of numerical forecast is used as apriori information, and boundary condition is also considered. For the problem without exact apriori weights for observations, estimation of variance components is introduced firstly in water vapor to- mography to determine posteriori weights. Robust estimation is chosen for reducing the effect of blun- ders on solutions. For the descending characteristic of water vapor with height increasing, non-equal weights are used along vertical direction. Compari- sons between tomography results and the profile provided by numerical model (MM5) show that the forecasted moisture fields of MM5 can be improved obviously by GPS slant water vapor. Using GPS slant observations to study 3D structure of atmosphere in near real-time is very important for improving initialwater vapor field of short-term weather forecast and enhancing the accuracy of numerical weather fore- cast.展开更多
文摘The vertical structure of water vapor in atmosphere is one of the initial information of numerical weather forecast model. Because of the strong variation of water vapor in atmosphere and limited spatio-temporal solutions of traditional ob- servation technique, the initial water vapor field of numerical weather forecast model can not accurately be described. At present, using GPS slant observa- tions to study water vapor profile is very popular in the world. Using slant water vapor(SWV) observa- tions from Shanghai GPS network,we diagnose the three-dimensional(3D) water vapor structure over Shanghai area firstly in China. In water vapor tomo- graphy, Gauss weighted function is used as horizon- tal constraint, the output of numerical forecast is used as apriori information, and boundary condition is also considered. For the problem without exact apriori weights for observations, estimation of variance components is introduced firstly in water vapor to- mography to determine posteriori weights. Robust estimation is chosen for reducing the effect of blun- ders on solutions. For the descending characteristic of water vapor with height increasing, non-equal weights are used along vertical direction. Compari- sons between tomography results and the profile provided by numerical model (MM5) show that the forecasted moisture fields of MM5 can be improved obviously by GPS slant water vapor. Using GPS slant observations to study 3D structure of atmosphere in near real-time is very important for improving initialwater vapor field of short-term weather forecast and enhancing the accuracy of numerical weather fore- cast.
