农田水利信息技术在发挥水利工程作用中的有效策略

农业发展和国民生计也存在密切关联,同时也会影响农民自身收入,具体的发展质量与否会,直接关乎到当地现代农业的发展。在实际发展中,农田水利工程的展开,能显著提高水资源利用率,让农业生产效率、质量,可实现质的飞跃。在新的时期下,为了更好的发挥出水利工程作用,要将工作的重点,放在农田水利信息技术的应用上,不断对现有管理模式进行改革和调整,以此让农田灌溉效率、质量充分提高。本文结合内蒙古克什克腾旗当地农业发展情况,分析在水利工程应用中信息技术的应用,探讨农田水利信息技术的特点及组成,希望能更好地发挥出技术价值,带动当地水利工程的信息化建设及发展,并为相关从业者提供一定参考。

长江经济带发展中的水利支撑作用

根据国家发展战略长江经济带建设的需要,探讨水行政主管部门支撑长江经济带发展的作用和途径。通过分析发现,长江水资源及自然属性呈现出周期性演变特性与开发利用长江资源的巨大需求存在矛盾。解决长江经济带发展面临问题的对策措施包括管理和技术两方面,其中管理方面更为重要。提出建立统一协调的发展体制、机制和规划,推行一体化地开发、利用、保护和管理长江。

农业水利工程的作用及其发展策略

在农业产业不断发展的过程中，农业水利工程建设是确保农业产业能够持续、快速发展的基础。因此，在我国农业产业不断发展过程中，一定要对农业水利工程的建设引起足够重视，并充分发挥其水利作用。文章对农业水利工程所具有的重要作用进行了详细地分析，并有针对性的提出了促进我国农业水利工程快速发展的有效对策。

乡村振兴中农村水利经济的作用探究

目前,我国经济社会发展水平不均衡,城乡差距越来越大,许多地方仍然处于落后的状况,需要大力发展基础设施。水利工程在基础设施建设中发挥着重要作用,因此,农村水利经济在乡村振兴中也发挥着关键作用,而本文就将针对乡村振兴中农村水利经济的作用进行分析与论述。

Species- and Habitat-variability of Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of Different Plant Species in Maowusu Sand Area

Photosynthesis ( P n ), transpiration ( E ) and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of more than 66 arid sand species from different environmental habitats, shifting sand dune, fixed sand dune, lowland and wetland in the Maowusu Sand Area were analyzed and the relation among these characteristics and the resource utilization efficiency, taxonomic categories and growth forms of the species were assessed. The results showed that species from Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae which possessed the C 4 photosynthesis pathway, or C 3 pathway and also with nitrogen_fixation capacities had higher or the highest P n values, i.e., 20～30 μmol CO 2·m -2 ·s -1 , while that of evergreen shrub of Pinaceae had the lowest P n values, i.e., 0～5 μmol CO 2·m -2 ·s -1 . Those species from Compositae, Scrophulariaceae, and Gramineae with C 3 pathway but no N_fixation capacity had the highest E rates, i.e., 20～30 mmol H 2O·m -2 ·s -1 and again the evergreen shrub together with some species from Salicaceae and Compositae had the lowest E rates, i.e., 0～5 mmol H 2O·m -2 ·s -1 . Species from Leguminosae, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae with C 4 pathway or C 3 pathway with N_fixation capacity, both shrubs and grasses, generally had higher WUE . However, even the physiological traits of the same species were habitat_ and season_specific. The values of both P n and E in late summer were much higher than those in early summer, with average increases of 26%, 40% respectively in the four habitats. WUE in late summer was, however, 12% lower. Generally, when the environments became drier as a result of habitats changed, i.e., in the order of wetland, lowland, fixed sand dune and shifting sand dune, P n and E decreased but WUE increased.

Response of Photosynthesis, Growth, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Osmotic Tolerance of Rice to Elevated CO_2

Four rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars 'IR72', 'Tesanai 2', 'Guichao 2' and 'IIyou 4480' were grown in two plastic house (15 m×3 m) with 35 μmol/mol and 60 μmol/mol CO 2 concentration which was controlled by computer. As compared with rice at ambient 35 μmol/mol CO 2, the changes in photosynthetic rate at elevated CO 2 showed up_regulation ('IR72' and 'Tesanai 2'), stable (unchanged) in 'Guichao 2' and down_regulation type ('IIyou 4480'). Growth rate, panicle weight, integrated water use efficiency (WUE) calculated from Δ 13 C and the capacity of scavenging DPPH · (1,1_diphenyl_2_picrylhydrazyl) free radical were increased at elevated CO 2. An increment in total biomass was observed in three cultivars by elevated CO 2, with the exception of 'IIyou 4480'. Ratios of panicle weight/total biomass were altered to different extents in tested cultivars by elevated CO 2. When leaf segments were subjected to PEG osmotic stress, the electrolyte leakage rate from leaves grown at elevated CO 2 was less than that at 35 μmol/mol CO 2. Those intraspecific variations of rice imply a possibility for selecting cultivars with maximal productivity and high tolerance to stresses adapted to elevated CO 2 in the future.

Research Advance on Influencing Factors of Crop Water Use Efficiency

The research advance on the influencing factors of crop water use effi-ciency （WUE） was reviewed in this paper. Based on the discussion on the conno-tation of crop WUE, the influencing factors of crop WUE, such as crop, environ-ment, chemicals, cultivation measures, cropping systems, etc, were elaborated. A-mong them, the species and varieties of crop, soil and chemicals were discussed in detail.

Effects of Different Tillage Techniques on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.

清代河西屯田状况及投资源类型分析

清代河西屯田无论是从经济角度还是军事角度来看,其参与屯垦的社会阶层、阶级成分以及投资者的目的都与它时迥异。其参与屯垦的开发类型有军事开发型、经济开发型以及某些中小地主为满足对社会政治地位和权力的追求、实现其个人价值而投身屯田的开发类型。清河西屯田,既有利于巩固边陲防务,稳定河西的社会秩序,促进河西地区农牧经济的发展,又能够加强河西民族团结和社会进步。

玉石水库影响下的碧流河水库洪水预报方法

流域内水利工程的建立可能会改变原有的产汇流机制,以碧流河水库为例,结合日模型和日供水,利用水量平衡估算水利工程的拦蓄作用,提出一种产流模型计算改进方法;并结合降雨、蒸发、前期土壤含水率、遥感等资料验证模型预报结果的合理性。模型计算结果表明,改进后的模型能有效提高碧流河水库的洪水预报精度,对该水库的防洪调度具有重要意义。

Effect of Limited Single Irrigation on Yield of Winter Wheat and Spring Maize Relay Intercropping

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） and spring maize （Zea mays） to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize; so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.

打造千亿斤粮食生产基地 为保障粮食安全作贡献

黑龙江省委、省政府对水利工作高度重视。特别是中央一号文件出台后,省委、省政府出台了黑龙江省《关于贯彻落实〈中共中央国务院关于加快水利改革发展的决定〉的实施意见》,从增加投入、政策保障、水利改革、水利管理、依法治水和科技兴水以及加强领导等方面提出了具体要求。

Combined Effect of Nutrient and Pest Managements on Substrate Utilization Pattern of Soil Microbial Population in Hybrid Rice Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of nutrient andpest managements on soil biomass phospholipid contents, functional biodiversity and substrateutilization patterns of soil microbial populations in hybrid rice cropping system. The mineral N, Pand K fertilizers (as urea, calcium superphosphate and KCl respectively) were incorporated at 100,25, and 100 kg ha^(-1), respectively, and the various pesticides were applied at the recommendedrates. The results of the experiment demonstrated a decline in the microbial abundance and soilmicrobial biomass phospholipid contents with the advancement of crop growth, and significant changesin substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial population studied were observed with differentmanagement practices and at different growth stages. The principal component analysis (PCA) usingall 95-carbon sources (BIOLOG plates) gave good differentiation among the treatments, indicatingthat they have different patterns of carbon utilization under different habitats. The data showedthat diversity in microbial community continuously changed with the progression in crop stage,particularly at physiological maturity (PM) stage that was evident from the utilization of differentcarbon sources at various crop stages.

Experimental Study of Wastewater Treatment of Reactive Dye by Phys-Chemistry Method

Wastewater, which involves easy-soluble reactive dyes, especially non-degradable dyes, is very difficult to decolor efficiently by normal processes such as coagulation process and biological treatment. The high chromaticity se- riously hinders the reuse of reactive dye waste water. In this paper, a new method by bentonite adsorption and coagulation (PAC) is employed for removing color from synthetic dye waste water which contains reactive red K-2G, K-RN blue, K-GR blue, X-3B red, K-GN orange, KB-3G yellow, K-2BP red, K-RN yellow and K-6G yellow. Bentonite pre- treated by 4% CTMAB and milled to 160 order screen is proven to the best decoloring agent. For a 100 mL reactive red K-2G sample (CODcr 400 mg/L, 25 000 chromaticity color), 0.5 g bentonite pretreated and 2.5 mL PAC is enough to decolor wastewater up to 99.92% and the sediment time is short. Non-degradable dyes such as active red X-3B and K-GN orange are declored completely as well. Raw sewage (low chromaticity color) is decolored completely at a ben-tonite dosage of 0.001g. More researches prove the high practical value of this process.

市政排水管道在清淤方面的规划设计研究

市政排水管道的过水能力受悬浮物颗粒淤积情况的影响,若不及时清淤会导致管道过水能力降低。分析了沉积物流速、沉积作用以及水力清淤作用在市政排水管道清淤方面的应用,为提高市政排水管道规划设计的合理性提供思路。

Nitrogen Status and Utilization in Rhizosphere of Rice

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with hybrid rice (Ocyza Sativa L.) in order to stndy Nstatus and utilization in the rhizosphere of rice. The experiment was composed of three treatments: withoutN, ￣(15)NH_(4-) N and ￣(15) NO_(3-) N. Plant roots were separated from the soil by a nylon cloth, and 1 mm incrementsof soil, moving laterally away from the roots, were taken and analyzed for various N froms. The labelled Nin the plants ranged from 67.51% to 69.24% of the total amount of N absorbed by the rice seedlings withthe labelled fertilizer N treatments. This shows that the N in the plants came mainly from the fertilizers.However, the N absorbed by the rice seedlings accounted for less than 35% of the total amount of the Ndepletion in the soil near the rice roots, indicating an important N loss in the rhizosphere of rice. The soilredox potential (all treatments) and the concentration of the labelled NO_3-N (the labelled NH_(4-_)N treatmentonly) decreased as the distance from the rice roots increased in the rhizosphere of rice. In contrast, theconcentration of the labelled NH_(4-) N increased a.s the distance increased in the same soil zone. These resultssuggested that nitrification occurred in the soil around the rice roots. Therefore, the reason for the N lossin the rhizosphere of rice might be the NO_3 movement into the reductive non-rhizosphere soil (submerged)where denitrification can take place.

A Sand Control and Development Model in Sandy Land Based on Mixed Experiments of Arsenic Sandstone and Sand: A Case Study in Mu Us Sandy Land in China

Serious desertification caused by human activity and climate change,in addition to water loss and soil erosion related to arsenic sandstone in the Mu Us Sandy Land,lead to severe scarcity of soil and water resources,which causes worse local agricultural conditions accordingly.Many physical properties of arsenic sandstone is complementary with that of sand,arsenic sandstone is therefore supposed to be blended to enhance water productivity and arability of sandy land.Container experiments are carried out to study the enhancement of water holding capacity of the mixture,the blending ratio of arsenic sandstone and sand,and the proper size of the arsenic sandstone particles,respectively.The results of the experiments show that particle size of 4 cm with a ratio of 1∶2 between arsenic sandstone and sand are the proper parameters on blending.Both water content and fertility increase after blending.Water use efficiency in the mixture is 2.7 times higher than that in sand by the water release curves from experiments.Therefore,a new sand control and development model,including arsenic sandstone blending with sand,efficient water irrigation management and reasonable farming system,is put forward to control and develop sandy land so that water-saving agriculture could be developed.Demonstration of potato planting about 153.1 ha in area in the Mu Us Sandy Land in China indicates that water consumption is 3018 m3/ha in the whole growth period.It means that about 61%of irrigation water can be saved compared with water use in coarse sand without treatment.Recycle economic mode and positive feedback of sand resource-crop planting-soil resource are constructed,which changes sand into arable soil and make it possible to develop water-saving agriculture on it.The proposed model will be helpful for soil-water resources utilization and management in the Mu Us Sandy Land.

Water Use and Growth in Three Populations of Red Cedar （Cedrela odorata L.） and Associated Crops in Mexico

The association between the growth and water-use efficiency in three populations of C. odorata in Veracruz Mexico （La Antigua, Misantla and Catemaco） from two agroforestry system sites was studied, one in association with corn and another with pipiain. TRP （transpiration）, gs （stomatal conductivity）, CO2A （CO2 assimilation）, WUE （water use efficiency）, height, coverage and stem diameter were measured. The populafon of La Antigua associated with pipian presented the highest WUE （7.13 μmol CO2 m2-sl/mmol H20 m2.sl）, while the population of Catemaco reached high values （10 μmol CO2 m2 sl/mmol H20 m2-s1） in the site associated with corn, the populations established with corn presented a great growth in height and stem diameter. Based on the physiological responses and growth of the studied populations, the towns of La Antigua and Catemaco may be recommended for the establishment of commercial plantations.

Cotton Physiological Parameters Affected by Episodic Irrigation Interruption

Improving cotton irrigation management practices in West Texas is important for increasing farmers＇ profits and for sustainability of the Ogallala aquifer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects in field controlled episodic drought conditions on cotton gas exchange. Irrigated cotton was subjected to water stress at different timings. Irrigation was interrupted at the squaring stage, early flowering stage, from three weeks at peak bloom, and from peak bloom to the crop termination. These episodic drought treatments were compared with cotton fully irrigated throughout the whole season. From 2010 to 2012, cotton cultivar FM9180 gas exchange was measured throughout the season using a LiCor-6400 portable photosynthesis system. In 2011 and 2012, measurements were also made on DP0935 cultivar. The cotton physiological parameters evaluated included photosynthesis, transpiration and temperature. From the several parameters evaluated, some relationships were presented. Episodic drought periods can affect leaf-level gas exchange and impact yield. Photosynthesis and yield were particularly sensitive to water deficit at early flowering. Despite an increase in leaf water use efficiency under water deficit, overall growth and yield were inhibited in all treatments with a stress component. Understanding the relative sensitivity at different growth stages can help with irrigation decisions when water resources are limited.

Effect of Active Mineral on Load-Bearing Autoclaved Aerocrete

Influence of ultrafine active mineral (DK mineral) on mechanical property of fly ash based load bearing aerocrete was analyzed. The result shows that the addition of DK mineral in a suitable amount can enhance obviously the compressive strength of aerocrete. According to the SEM EDS and X ray diffraction analyses, the crystal shapes of hydration products are well developed and interlocked for samples containing DK mineral. Its microstructure is denser than that of the samples without DK mineral. Having a good activation, the DK mineral makes both the type and the quantity of hydrated products be obviously superior to that of the contrast sample.