水力效应下的亚高山草甸土溜滑破坏试验

应用野外调查结果建立室内物理模型,模拟亚高山草甸土在降雨条件下的浅层溜滑破坏过程,研究水力效应下的亚高山草甸土溜滑破坏机理。结果表明:当水头高度调整到4 cm时,42 s后坡脚孔隙水压力达到峰值0.372 kPa,此时坡脚土压力也达到峰值4.63 kPa,试验土体开始发生溜滑破坏;当水头高度调整到临界高度时,不断增加的动水压力是导致亚高山草甸土溜滑破坏的主因。通过揭示水力效应下的溜滑破坏机理,可为建立亚高山草甸土溜滑破坏的稳定性预测模型提供理论基础。

根土复合体力学效应及其模型构建研究进展与展望

[目的]为探究根土复合体的力学效应机理及模型方法应用。[方法]采用文献分析和对比分析法,归纳分析根土复合体概念和内涵、根土复合体力学效应及力学模型原理、优缺点以及适用范围。[结果](1)根土复合体是根系与土体之间力学耦合效应的复合整体,根系在土体中交叉缠绕,起到加固作用;(2)根系与土体力学关系实质上是根土复合体土力、水力和复合力学特性作用的结果,土力特性、水力特性分别侧重研究根系对土体的影响和土中水分对土体和根系的影响,复合力学特性侧重于根土复合体自身特性对植物根系特征以及结构的直接影响,从而通过三者作用使根系与土体的力学关系处于动态平衡之中;(3)根土复合体复合力学模型研究较土力和水力学模型略少,土力学和水力学模型都是根据量化参数,通过参数间对比来衡量固土效果,但复合力学特性同时涉及土力特性和水力特性,考虑全面,应是未来研究的重点方向。[结论]未来在开展冻融循环、干湿交替、干热循环对不同地区根系与土体相互作用的影响、多类型植物混种抗剪强度、化学作用和微生物作用对土水特性影响机理及复合模型构建等方面有待深入研究。研究结果可为生态脆弱区植被恢复、水土保持和可持续发展等提供重要的理论价值和工程借鉴意义。

水力空化效应对水物化性质影响的实验研究

水力空化过程伴随着气泡的初生、生长、溃灭以及气泡溃灭产生的瞬间高温高压,这种空化效应对于空化介质本身产生怎样的影响一直缺乏研究。以单孔、五孔孔板型空化器为实验装置,研究水力空化效应对水物化性质的影响。首先,在相同空化时间和测量温度下,调节空化器不同入口压力(0.3 MPa、0.5 MPa、0.7 MPa、1 MPa),对孔板空化器内的空化水样进行电导率、溶解氧、pH的测试,分别得到水样三种性质随入口压力和时间变化曲线。实验结果表明,随着入口压力的增大,电导率先逐渐升高后逐渐降低:溶解氧先逐渐降低后逐渐回升;pH受水力空化效应影响较小,整体上没有明显的变化规律。

优势面的水力学效应

本文运用优势面理论分析并确定了四川某库区边坡的变形破坏模型，重点考虑了优势面的水力学效应对边坡稳定系数的影响。分析得出滑坡发生的条件为ｈｗ＞ｈｗ０，从而为该类滑坡的预测，提供了一种简单有效的方法。

优势面的水力学效应对新寨滑坡稳定性的影响分析

本文阐述了优势面的水力学效应的概念，并用ＳＡＲＭＡ法重点分析了它对新寨滑坡稳定系数的影响，分析得出了此滑坡发生的条件：ｈｗ＞ｈｗｏ，与实际资料达到很好的吻合，具有重要的工程参考意义。

射流流膜离心分选（IFFC）回收超细矿粒的动态水力堰效应

高压水射流逆流冲击离心场纵向流膜，出现水力堰流态，从而出现新的纵向流速分布及动态水力堰效应。这一效应使原流膜法向脉动速度降低６２％。上述堰效应同流膜跳汰功能一样，为射流流膜离心分选过程所特有的工艺性能。

基于地基水力耦合效应的关门山水库大坝防渗墙塑性损伤分析

深厚覆盖层面板堆石坝变形的评价与控制是决定坝型进一步发展和推广使用的重要因素。文章以辽宁省关山水库大坝防渗墙为例,结合实测数据和模型计算成果,对面板堆石坝的地基防渗墙的力学和损伤特征进行研究。结论显示:关山水库防渗墙应力变形处于合理范围,不会产生开裂现象。文中研究思路和方法,可促进相关理论的完善和研究本身的深入开展。

深水高桩基础桥梁地震水动力效应分析

针对我国深水桥梁建设中广泛采用大型群桩基础的现实情况,为满足深水桥梁抗震分析和抗震设计的需求,进行了深水高桩基础桥梁地震动水力效应的研究.将深水高桩基础的承台理想化为一个浸入水中的截断圆柱体,建立了截断圆柱体的地震动水压等效附加质量与等效附加阻尼矩阵的计算方法,提出了非圆柱体等效为圆柱体的近似处理方法.在频域建立了深水高桩基础桥梁考虑动水力效应的地震振动方程.运用所提出的方法完成了有限元程序编制,并对一座跨海峡大桥进行了地震反应计算.结果表明,地震动水力效应对深水高桩基础桥梁的地震反应有重要影响,因计算的反应量不同,可能使地震反应增大,也可能使地震反应减小,影响幅度可达20%以上.

基于地基水力耦合效应的大坝防渗墙塑性损伤分析

深厚覆盖层面板堆石坝变形的评价与控制是决定该坝型能否进一步发展和推广使用重要因素。文章以某大坝防渗墙为例,结合实测数据和模型计算成果,对面板堆石坝的地基防渗墙的力学和损伤特征进行研究,结论显示防渗墙应力变形处于合理范围,不会产生开裂现象,本文的研究思路和方法可以促进相关理论的完善。

不同加载路径饱和岩石力学特征的试验研究

不同加载路径对岩石强度特征、变形特征和破坏特征存在影响。据此，探讨饱和岩石在排水、非排水、比例加载、侧向卸载、在不同偏应力状态下注水和非排水（但在不同偏应力状态下水压力卸载）等加载情况下以及在常规三轴试验和拥有循环加载的三轴试验等试验方式下，岩体的强度特征、各向异性变形特征和破坏特征。试验结果表明：循环加载、饱和岩石在不同偏应力状态下注水、非排水但在不同应力状态下水压力卸载、比例加载和侧向卸载等具有降低岩石强度、增加岩体变形以及水压力对岩石具有劈裂破坏作用等特征，这些力学特征对岩土工程具有现实意义。

Force measurement between mica surfaces in electrolyte solutions

The forces between two molecularly smooth mica surfaces are measured in monovalent and divalent cations electrolyte solutions by a surface force apparatus （SFA）. The properties of K＋, Na＋, and Mg2＋ between molecularly smooth mica surfaces are investigated. The Derjagui-Landau- Verwey-Overbeek （DLVO） force and the hydration force are detected in the experiment. The results show that in lower concentrations of a monovalent electrolyte solution （about 10-4 mol/L）, the force curves are completely in good agreement with those computed by the DLVO theory. However, additional short-range repulsive forces which deviate from the DLVO theory are observed when the concentrations of cations are above the critical bulk concentration, which is different for each electrolyte. The results show the properties of these cations on both the screening effect adsorbed on the mica surface and the hydration in solution. From the results, the interaction energy between two hydrated ions of potassium or sodium can also be estimated.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON WUQING GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR,TIANJIN

In this paper the computer code of AUTOUGH2 is used to carry out numerical simulation study on the Wuqing geothermal reservoir for evaluating reservoir performance upon different exploitation schemes.The simulating calculation and analysis of two main cases,production without reinjection and production with reinjection,were carried out to illuminate and compare the temperature and pressure profiles with distance and time.The water level or pressure will decrease with the time of production,and the reinjection will cause the cooling effect of reinjection on the production zone.

Experiments on Deflecting & Oscillating Waterjet

A new type jet, the oscillating & deflecting jet, is put forward and its oscillating and deflecting characteristics are investigated. The nozzle of the self-oscillating & deflecting water jet consists of an upstream nozzle, a downstream nozzle, an oscillating chamber and two switches. It is experimentally shown that the deflective angle may reach 9.53 degree. The generated pressure fluctuation is very regular and the jet can efficiently increase the ability for breaking and cutting by eliminating the water cushion effect associated with a continuous jet.

Study on hydrodynamic vibration in fluidic flowmeter

The characteristics of the fluidic flowmeter,which is a combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier,is investigated by experimental studies and numerical simulations. The numerical approaches are utilized to examine the time dependent flow field and pressure field inside the proposed flowmeter. The effect of varying structural parameters on flow characteristics of the proposed fluidic flowmeter is investigated by computational simulations for the optimization. Both the simulation and experimental results disclose that the hydrodynamic vibration,with the same intensity,frequency and 180° phase shift,occurs at axisymmetric points in the feedback channel of the fluidic flowmeter. Using the structural combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier and differential signal processing technique,a novel fluidic flowmeter with excellent immunity and improved sensibility is developed.

Railway subgrade thermal-hydro-mechanical behavior and track irregularity under the sunny-shady slopes effect in seasonal frozen regions

The sunny-shady slopes effect is a phenomenon that impacts the temperature distribution of high-speed railway subgrades,resulting in uneven frost heaving deformation on the subgrade surface,which in turn causes static irregularity in the slab track.Based on the hydraulics theory,a thermal-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupled model of frozen soil is established and verified.We explore the process and characteristics of the temperature field and deformation of soil during the freezing process of high-speed railway subgrades and analyze the track irregularity variation law of China Railway Track SystemⅢslab tracks under uneven frost heaving deformation.The results show that,because the left and right slopes of high-speed railway subgrade are exposed to different amounts of solar radiation,which is the key factor causing uneven frost heaving of subgrade.Different strike angles cause changes in temperature of the subgrade’s upper part and the frost heaving amount on the surface,leading to differences in the deformation of the slab track structure:Increased strike angle weakens the rail level irregularity of the down line and marginally increases the rail level irregularity of the up line,and these become consistent in north-south directions.Therefore,when selecting railway lines in seasonal frozen areas,the west-east direction should be avoided to prevent the extremes in sunny-shady slopes effect on subgrades.

Initiation and Development of Water Film by Seepage

When water seeps upwards through a saturated soil layer,the soil layer may become instability and water films occur and develop.Water film serves as a natural sliding surface because of its very small friction.Accordingly,debris flow may happen.To investigate this phenomenon,a pseudothree-phase media is presented first.Then discontinuity method is used to analyze the expansion velocity of water film.Finally,perturbation method is used to analyze the case that a water flow is forced to seep upwards through the soil layer while the movement of the skeleton may be neglected relative to that of water.The theoretical evolutions of pore pressure gradient,effective stress,water velocity,the porosity and the eroded fine grains are obtained.It can be seen clearly that with the erosion and redeposited of fine grains,permeability at some positions in the soil layer becomes smaller and smaller and,the pore pressure gradient becomes bigger and bigger,while the effective stress becomes smaller and smaller.When the effective stress equals zero,e.f.liquefaction,the water film occurs.It is shown also that once a water film occurs,it will be expanded in a speed of U(t)(1-ε).

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical process in buffer material and self-healing effects with joints

Within the multi-barrier system for high-level waste disposal,the technological gap formed by combined buffer material block becomes the weak part of buffer layer.In this paper,Gaomiaozi bentonite buffer material with technological gap was studied,the heat transfer induced by liquid water flow and water vapor was embedded into the energy conservation equation.Based on the Barcelona basic model,the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model of unsaturated bentonite was established by analyzing the swelling process of bentonite block and the compression process of joint material.The China-Mock-up test was adopted to compare the numerical calculation results with the test results so as to verify the rationality of the proposed model.On this basis,the effect of joint self-healing on dry density,thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient of buffer material was further analyzed.The results show that,with bentonite hydrating and swelling,the joint material gradually increases in dry density,and exhibits comparatively uniform hydraulic and thermal conductivity properties as compacted bentonite block.As a result,the buffer material gradually shifts to homogenization due to the coordinated deformation.

Use of Different Mooring Models on Global Response Analysis of an Innovative Deep Draft Platform

The global responses of an innovative deep draft platform are investigated using catenary, semi-taut, and taut mooring models, respectively. The three mooring systems have the same arrangements and similar static restoring force characteristics. The dynamic coupling effects between the platform and the mooring systems are calculated in the time domain. Free-decay and 3-h simulations are conducted under 1-year and 100-year return period environmental conditions in the South China Sea. The mooring damping contributions, the response characteristics, and the mooring line tensions are investigated.

Effects of Heat Softening on Initiation of Landslides

Effects of heat softening on the initiation of slide surface(shear banding) in clayey slopes during fast deformation were discussed.Controlling equations considering heat,pore pressure and mechanical movement were presented.By perturbation method,the instability condition of localized zone(i.e.criterion for initiation of shear banding) for thermal related soils,such as clayey slope,was obtained.It is shown that slide surface initiates once the thermal-softening effects overcome the strain-hardening effects whether it is adiabatic or not.Without strain hardening effects,strain rate hardening obviously plays a role in initiation of shear band.During initiating process,heat is trapped inside the shear band,which leads rapidly to a pore pressure increase and fast loss of strength.The localized shear strain is concentrated in a narrow zone with a width of several centimeters at most and increases fast.This zone forms the sliding surface.Temperature can increase more than 2?C,pore pressure can increase 160% in about 0.1s inside this zone.These changes cause the fast decrease in friction-coefficient by about 36% over the initial value.That is how shear band initiated and developed in clayey slopes.

Interfacial Shear Stress of Stratified Flow in a Horizontal Pipe

Experimental data are presented for the void fraction and the shear stresses of stratified gas-liquid flow in a pipe. A new technique was used to measure the interface shear stress. The interfacial shear stress was determined by using two methods: a momentum balance of gas and an extrapolation of the Reynolds shear stress profile at the gas-liquid interface. A new formula , relating to the interfacial friction factor with the void fraction and superficial gas Reynold number, was developed to predict the interface shear stress . The predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data.