用一维水力学方程求取泻湖水位及潮汐汊道断面流速——以海南陵水新村港为例

本文通过一维水力学运动方程及连续性方程,得出一个反映泻湖水位变化的二阶非线性有阻尼的强迫振动方程,采用龙格-库特四步格式进行求解,并以海南陵水新村港为例,计算了泻湖水位及潮汐汊道的断面流速.研究结果表明:(1)一维水力学方程可容易地求得泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中泻湖内的水位及汊道的断面流速,计算简单快捷.(2)一维水力学方程可分析潮汐汊道体系中的一些基本现象.如潮汐汊道对潮波的"过滤器"特征;由于泻湖-潮汐汊道体系的阻尼系数较大所导致的潮波自外向泻湖传播时衰减剧烈;径流对泻湖水位及汊道流速产生有利于落潮优势的影响;风可使泻湖水位抬升或下降等.(3)无论是否考虑泻湖与潮汐汊道面积随水位的变化,一维水力学方程都具有相当大的缺陷.由于其不能反映泻湖内地形的空间变化,也不能解决漫滩与归槽等过程,在外海潮波无次生波的情况下,它本身不能产生次生潮波,因而不能正确地反映潮汐汊道体系的涨落潮历时与流速不对称,从而不能分析泥沙的净输运及潮汐汊道的稳定性问题.(4)新村港泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中潮汐汊道的断面面积大小对整个体系的稳定性及演变趋势起着控制作用.

基于Excel的水力学隐式方程求解与辅助绘图

文章通过几个实例,介绍了应用Excel求解水力学隐式方程的单变量求解法和简单迭代法。实例计算表明单变量求解法和简单迭代法具有求解过程简单,结果精度高,通用性强的特点。此外,运用实例介绍了Excel应用于水力学计算的简便辅助绘图功能。

压力流屋面雨水排水管系水力模型研究

根据压力流屋面雨水排水管系的水流特点及其水头损失的计算公式,确定了采用有限元法分析其水力平衡计算的数学模型,将各个计算管段的单元矩阵方程集合为雨水排水管系的整体矩阵方程,引入节点水压边界条件并求解管系整体矩阵方程对称正定线性方程组,从而得出各项水力要素,给出了计算程序框图,并编写了通用电算程序.经实例计算表明,此模型能够快捷准确地进行压力流屋面雨水排水管系的水力平衡计算.

热水循环管网水力平衡计算方法的探讨

根据建筑热水循环管网的水流特点及其水头损失计算公式,确定了采用有限元法分析热水循环管网水力平衡计算的数学模型,将各个管段的单元矩阵方程集合为供水管网的整体矩阵方程,通过引入节点水压边界条件并迭代求解管网整体矩阵方程—对称正定线性方程组,得出各项水力要素。给出了计算程序框图,编写了通用电算程序,经实例计算表明,能够快捷准确地完成热水循环管网的水力平衡计算,满足设计计算要求。

建筑热水循环管网计算方法的探讨

通过联立建筑热水循环管网的水力平衡方程和管段热平衡方程,建立了热水循环管网计算的数学模型,采用迭代法求解满足配水点最低水温要求的管网总循环流量,从理论上准确得出各项计算结果,并给出了计算程序框图,经实例计算得到满意结果。

城市供水管网系统抗震功能可靠性分析

城市供水管网系统是生命线工程系统的重要组成部分,一旦其遭受地震作用,可能损坏严重并产生各种次生灾害。以湖北省武汉市青山区主干供水管网系统为例,根据供水功能要求,对震前和震后的供水管网进行了水力分析,通过连续性方程、能量守恒方程和物理方程推导得出了水力方程的解析表达式,并通过迭代法求解得到了供水管网的水力参数;通过可靠度理论,分析了供水管网系统节点的供水可靠概率;计算了在不同地震水准下的供水功能可靠性,证明了该分析方法的合理性、可行性。

大棚切花月季平面微灌技术的研究

土壤的供氧状况明显影响切花月季的产量和质量．在大棚土壤常规栽培条件下，为了使生长基质保持长期稳定的供氧能力，解决灌溉水的定量化和均匀化，我们在改良土壤的同时，设计了切花月季平面微灌栽培系统，并对其水力学特性、微灌喷头的有效性、根系垂直分布、微灌区内温度与湿度的动态变化等进行了研究。结果表明，微灌系统中流量与压力的水力学方程为ｑ＝２０．８６Ｈ０．６９，有效半径Ｒ＝８０ｃｍ，覆盖死角α＝１０°。与对照相比，微灌区１０～３０ｃｍ基质层内的有效根量大而分布均匀；切花月季不同群体层高内的温度相对较低、湿度较大；平均年产花量高于对照４８％，增益效果显著。

Effects of Body Weight and Water Temperature on Maximum Food Consumption of JuvenileSebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn)

Maximum rate of food consumption (C max) was determined for juvenile Sebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn) at water temperature of 10, 15, 20 and 25℃. The relationships of C max to the body weight (W) at each temperature were described by a power equation: lnC max = a + b lnW. Covariance analysis revealed significant interaction of the temperature and body weight. The relationship of adjusted C max to water temperature (T) was described by a quadratic equation: C max =-0.369 + 0.456T - 0.0117T 2. The optimal feeding temperature calculated from this equation was 19.5℃. The coefficients of the multiple regression estimation relating C max to body weight (W) and water temperature (T) were given in the Table 2.

Is Terzaghi's effective stress a stress variable under seepage conditions?

From the continuum mechanics perspective, an attempt was made to clarify the role of Terzaghi's effective stress in the theoretical analysis of saturated soil subjected to seepage. The necessity of performing a coupled hydromechanical analysis to solve the seepage-deformation interaction problem was illustrated by examining the equations of static equilibrium among the effective stress, seepage force, pore-water pressure and total stress. The conceptual definition of stress variable that satisfies the principles of continuum mechanics is applied in the coupled hydromechanical analysis. It is shown that Terzaghi's effective stress is in fact not a stress variable under seepage conditions, and the seepage force acting on the soil skeleton cannot be viewed as a body force. This offers a clue to the underlying cause of a paradox between the real Pascal's hydrostatic state and the hydrostatic state predicted by a class of continuum hydromechanical theories.

Full 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling of Rainfall-induced Flash Floods

Mountain catchments are prone to flash flooding due to heavy rainfall. Enhanced understanding of the generation and evolution processes of flash floods is essential for effective flood risk management. However, traditional distributed hydrological models based on kinematic and diffusion wave approximations ignore certain physical mechanisms of flash floods and thus bear excessive uncertainty. Here a hydrodynamic model is presented for flash floods based on the full two-dimensional shallow water equations incorporating rainfall and infiltration. Laboratory experiments of overland flows were modelled to illustrate the capability of the model. Then the model was applied to resolve two observed flash floods of distinct magnitudes in the Lengkou catchment in Shanxi Province, China. The present model is shown to be able to reproduce the flood flows fairly well compared to the observed data. The spatial distribution of rainfall is shown to be crucial for the modelling of flash floods. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters reveal that the stage and discharge hydrographs are more sensitive to the Manning roughness and initial water content in the catchment than to the Green-Ampt head. Most notably, as the flash flood augments due to heavier rainfall, the modelling results agree with observed data better, which clearly characterizes the paramount role of rainfall in dictating the floods. From practical perspectives, the proposed model is more appropriate for modelling large flash floods.

Comparative Study on the Kinetic Equations of Potassium Release from Soils

Elovicb, two-constant, parabolic diffusion, exponential, second-order, first-order and zero-order equations were used to describe the kinetic characteristics of potassium desorption from six paddy soils df Zhejiang Province in a constant electric field (44.4 V/ cm) of EUF. Results showed that the second-order and Elovich equations could describe the potassium desorption kinetics best, as evidenced by the highest correlation coefficients (r) and the lowest standard errors (SE). The first-order, two-constant and parabolic diffusion equations also described the K desorption kinetics well, as showed by the relatively high correlation coefficients and relatively low standard errors. The zero-order equation did not describe the K desorption satisfactorily with a relatively low correlation coefficient and relatively high standard error. However, the exponential equation could not be used to describe the K desorption kinetics, due to the lowest correlation coefficient and the highest standard error.

水量连续调节阀动态性能现场标定方法

本文针对暖通空调系统常见的水量连续调节阀动态性能缺失、无法定量表达等问题,提出一种水量连续调节阀动态模型——阀门水力特性状态方程,定量描述调节阀动态调节性能。基于阀门水力特性状态方程,讨论工程现场水量连续调节阀标定的一般方法及应用条件得到所需动态性能方程。对试验阀门的标定试验研究表明该标定方法可行有效,标定结果可满足多数工程精度需求。

Kinetics of Forward Extraction of Boric Acid from Salt Lake Brine by2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in Toluene Using Single Drop Technique

The kinetics of forward extraction of boric acid from salt lake brine by 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in toluene was investigated using the single drop technique. The factors affecting the extraction rate include interfacial area between aqueous phase and organic phase, initial concentration of boric acid in aqueous phase, initial concentration of 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in organic phase, and extraction temperature. The experimental results show that the extraction rate increases with the increase of the initial concentration of boric acid and2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, interfacial area of two phases, and temperature. With the temperature-dependence study, it is showed that the extraction is a diffusion-controlled process. The kinetic equation is presented for pH 1.0 in the aqueous phase and temperature of 318 K.

CFD-PBE simulation of a bubble column in OpenFOAM

A general CFD-PBE(computational fluid dynamics-population balance equation) solver for gas–liquid poly-dispersed flows of both low and high gas volume fractions is developed in OpenFOAM(open-source field operation and manipulation) in this work. Implementation of this solver in OpenFOAM is illustrated in detail. The PBE is solved with the cell average technique. The coupling between pressure and velocity is dealt with the transient PIMPLE algorithm, which is a merged PISO-SIMPLE(pressure implicit split operator-semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations) algorithm. Results show generally good agreement with the published experimental data, whereas the modeling precision could be improved further with more sophisticated closure models for interfacial forces, the models for the bubble-induced turbulence and those for bubble coalescence and breakage.The results also indicate that the PBE could be solved out the PIMPLE loop to save much computation time while still preserving the time information on variables. This is important for CFD-PBE modeling of many actual gas–liquid problems, which are commonly high-turbulent flows with intrinsic transient and 3 D characteristics.

Variation of hydraulic gradient in nonlinear finite strain consolidation

In the research field of ground water, hydraulic gradient is studied for decades. In the consolidation field, hydraulic gradient is yet to be investigated as an important hydraulic variable. So, the variation of hydraulic gradient in nonlinear finite strain consolidation was focused on in this work. Based on lab tests, the nonlinear compressibility and nonlinear permeability of Ningbo soft clay were obtained. Then, a strongly nonlinear governing equation was derived and it was solved with the finite element method.Afterwards, the numerical analysis was performed and it was verified with the existing experiment for Hong Kong marine clay. It can be found that the variation of hydraulic gradient is closely related to the magnitude of external load and the depth in soils. It is interesting that the absolute value of hydraulic gradient(AVHG) increases rapidly first and then decreases gradually after reaching the maximum at different depths of soils. Furthermore, the changing curves of AVHG can be roughly divided into five phases. This five-phase model can be employed to study the migration of pore water during consolidation.

Hydrodynamics numerical investigation of hoistable masts for underwater vehicles

Using the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equation as the governing equation, the large eddy simulation (LES) model is implemented to investigate the shedding of vortices, the flow pattern of turbulence, the unsteady pressure fluctuation and the time history of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of hoistable masts with various mast shapes and various arrangements in this paper. Combining the FFT, combined time-frequency transform and wavelet power spectrum analysis, the characteristics of unsteady pressure can be obtained in both time and frequency domain. It shows that the main frequency of pressure fluctuation is near the frequency of vortex shedding in time domain using the FFT method. It can be inferred from the combined time-frequency transform that the unsteady pressure fluctuation has obviously the peak value and the second peak value in time domain. It could indicate that the fluctuation power varies from the fluctuation frequency through the power spectrum analysis. By the data analysis, it shows that the vortex shedding is the dominant cause of the periodically pressure fluctuation. And the interaction pattern of wake and interplay between wake and the walls of masts under different arrangements are also discussed in this paper.

Boron removal from brine by XSC-700

Brine,which is used to produce high-purity magnesia,was purified by XSC-700 to remove boron.Boron adsorption capacity of XSC-700 was investigated by varying the initial boron concentration,temperature,resin/brine ratio and stirring speed,while keeping the diameter at constant.The results show that boron adsorption capacity increases with increasing boron concentration,temperature,and decreases with increasing resin/brine ratio.And the stirring speed could slightly affect the boron adsorption capacity.The adsorption kinetics obeys the pseudo-second-order model.Equilibrium data were both examined by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations and it can be well represented by the Freundlich isotherm equation.

A case study of seismic response of earth embankment foundation on liquefiable soils

A case study of seismic response of an earth embankment foundation on liquefiable soils in Kansai area,western Japan was presented. Based on a calibrated cyclic elasto-plastic constitutive model for liquefiable sand and Biot dynamic coupled theory,the seismic analysis was carried out by using a dynamic effective stress finite element method under plane strain condition. A recent design study was illustrated in detail for a river earth embankment subjected to seismic excitation on the saturated deposits with liquefiable sands. Simulated results of the embankment foundation during liquefaction were obtained for acceleration,displacement,and excess pore water pressures,which were considered to yield useful results for earthquake geotechnical design. The results show that the foundation soil reaches a fully liquefied state with high excess pore pressure ratios approaching to 1.0 due to the earthquake shaking. At the end of the earthquake,the extensive liquefaction causes about 1.0 m lateral spreading at the toe and 60 cm settlement at the crest of the earth embankment.

The Third Invariant Form of Hydrodynamic Equations and Application for Definition of Water Hammer Characteristics in Pipe

There were for a long time two invariant forms of hydrodynamic equations： one was related to coordinate system of references, and the other was versus to measure units of characteristics. These both invariant forms had important roles in the development of theoretical and practical applications of hydro-aerodynamics and related industries. The third invariant form of hydrodynamic equations is one for the dimensions of spaces. For this goal, the hyper quantities （space and physics） are introduced. Then these are created we can easily cover all problems in arbitrary dimensions （3D, 2D, 1D, separate space for liquids or constituent matters）. In particularly, when they are applied to water hammer problem, which is an especially problem, we can receive immediately celerity and pressure of the event.

Influence of water saturation on propagation of elastic waves in transversely isotropic nearly saturated soil

Biot' s two-phase theory for fluid-saturated porous media was applied in a study carried out to investigate the influence of water saturation on propagation of elastic wave in transversely isotropic nearly saturated soil. The characteristic equations for wave propagation were derived and solved analytically. The results showed that there are four waves: the first and second quasi-longitudinal waves (QP1 and QP2), the quasitransverse wave (QSV) and the anti-plane transverse wave (SH) . Numerical results are given to illustrate theinfluence of saturation on the velocity, dispersion and attenuation of the four body waves. Some typical numerical results are discussed and plotted. The results can be meaningful for soil dynamics and earthquake engineering.