漫水箱梁桥水力荷载及其影响

讨论了箱形截面漫水桥设计中应考虑的水力荷载 ,包括浮力、等效静水力和由箱内外水头差引起的动态浮力等 .给出了底板开孔的漫水箱梁桥各种水力荷载的计算方法 ,以及相应的荷载组合方法 .最后 ,以某 5跨连续箱形截面漫水桥为例 ,计算了各项水力荷载 ,分析了水力荷载对箱梁的影响 。

孔隙型含水岩层中封水衬砌的水力荷载试验研究

地下水是影响地下工程安全的重要隐患,在孔隙含水岩层中,由于目前的注浆技术无法有效封堵孔隙水,故高压孔隙水的不利影响尤为显著。为研究岩层孔隙水对封水衬砌上的水力荷载,掌握水力荷载与影响因素之间的变化规律,通过模型试验的方法,以金属圆管作为封水衬砌模型,以配制的多孔材料为孔隙围岩模型,获取不同孔隙水压作用下衬砌的应变数据,反算作用于衬砌的水力荷载,并分析了水力荷载与围岩孔隙率及围岩与衬砌接触状态的关系。分析发现:①当围岩与衬砌未发生剥离时,高压孔隙水的影响较小;②孔隙水压影响系数约为2倍围岩孔隙率,水力荷载显著小于孔隙水压;③当围岩与衬砌逐步发生剥离时,高压孔隙水影响急剧增大。研究结果表明:①高压孔隙水对封水衬砌的荷载作用与衬砌和围岩的接触状态有关,接触面积越大,直接与衬砌接触的孔隙水作用面积越小,孔隙水压的影响就越小,因此,降低接触面孔隙率,避免接触面发生剥离,高压孔隙水的荷载作用可控制在较低水平;②采用微膨胀混凝土,降低围岩的空帮时间,进行壁后注浆等设计、施工措施,加强衬砌与围岩的联结强度,提高衬砌与围岩间的相互作用力,可以降低接触面发生剥离的风险,进而把高压孔隙水的影响控制在较低水平。

水力荷载作用下水电机组的动力响应

本文利用瞬时响应方法和随机振动理论分析了水电站机组轴系统在水力荷载作用下的动力响应,着重讨论了不同水力荷载功率谱的作用,阻尼、导轴承动力特性系数及其频率效应的影响。最后介绍了水力荷载的模型相似律。

三河口水利枢纽泄洪放空底孔事故闸门水力学及流激振动试验研究

本文针对三河口水利枢纽泄洪放空底孔事故闸门动水关闭过程门体的水力学及流激振动问题,按重力相似准则和水弹性相似准则研制了比尺为1∶20事故闸门的水力相似模型和完全水弹性相似模型。通过模型试验,研究了事故闸门动水闭门过程中门体水力荷载和流激振动响应特性。研究结果表明:闸门上游底缘倾角由47°增大为57°时,上游底缘的最小压强由-98. 0 kPa增大为271. 8kPa,有利于防止闸门底缘附近发生水流空化及减小闸门闭门力。研制的事故闸门水弹性模型试验模态结果与数值计算结果吻合较好。该事故闸门水弹性相似模型能够更直接的测量分析闸门的流激振动响应特性,为闸门的设计和运行提供技术支持,并可为类似工程事故闸门的结构优化设计及运行提供参考。

空心板漫水桥上部结构构造设计

该文通过一座跨径240m的钢筋混凝土简支结构漫水桥梁设计,讨论了空心板截面漫水桥设计中应考虑的水力荷载。提出了减少水力荷载的一些构造措施:迎水面设置分水尖、空心板底开孔、加强锚栓等方法。

潜水电泵转子偏磨的产生机理及对策

在对潜水电泵进行售后跟踪和质量剖析的基础上 ,对潜水电泵转子偏磨进行了分类 ,并对其产生机理进行了较为全面、系统和深入的探讨 。

ON THE HYDRAULIC FAILURE PROBABILITY OF FLOOD CONTROL DAMS

In flood control dams it is not only the failure to prevent flood larger than their design carrying capacity, but also the uncertainties of hydraulic factors that cause disasters. In general, the hydraulic risk is not considered in most of the hydrological analysis in floodproofing plan and design. In this paper, a method of evaluating the hydraulic risk is developed by employing risk theory, and the concept can easily be extended to other types of risk analysis. As a result, it is possible not to consider the hydraulic resks when the design hydrologic risk of flood control dam is lger. Otherwise, the hydraulic risks must be noticed. The research is very helpful for the development of the flood control theory used at present.

Simplified stiffness-based approach for seismic performance evaluation of moment-resisting frame

Based on the concept of stiffness degradation, a damage index of the whole frame and the storey is proposed for the frame seismic performance evaluation. The index is compatible with the non-linear static analysis （e. g. the pushover analysis）, and the structural damage is considered via plastic hinges. Simultaneously, a practical approach is developed to obtain the relationships between the proposed index and earthquake intensities based on the capacity spectrum method. The proposed index is then illustrated through two low-rise reinforced concrete frames, and it is also compared with some other indices. The results indicate that the proposed index is on the safe side and not sensitive to the lateral load pattern. The storey index is helpful to reflect the storey damage and to uncover the position of the weak storey. Finally, the relationship between performance levels and damage index values is also proposed through statistical analysis for the performance-based seismic evaluation.

软土地基区漫水桥设计

漫水桥对桥梁高度要求较低,能大大节省建设投资。文章以某湖区漫水桥为例,浅析其设计思路,验证了减小水力荷载的构造措施;并针对其软土地基的特殊背景,对比分析了钻孔灌注桩和PHC高强预应力管桩的技术经济性特点,可为今后软土地基区的水利工程低等级公路桥梁设计提供借鉴。

A Modified Logvinovich Model For Hydrodynamic Loads on an Asymmetric Wedge Entering Water with a Roll Motion

The water entry problem of an asymmetric wedge with roll motion was analyzed by the method of a modified Logvinovich model (MLM). The MLM is a kind of analytical model based on the Wagner method, which linearizes the free surface condition and body boundary condition. The difference is that the MLM applies a nonlinear Bernoulli equation to obtain pressure distribution, which has been proven to be helpful to enhance the accuracy of hydrodynamic loads. The Wagner condition in this paper was generalized to solve the problem of the water entry of a wedge body with rotational velocity. The comparison of wet width between the MLM and a fully nonlinear numerical approach was given, and they agree well with each other. The effect of angular velocity on the hydrodynamic loads of a wedge body was investigated.

Dynamic strength characteristics and failure criteria of anisotropically consolidated silt under principal stress rotation

In order to identify the critical properties and failure criteria of in-situ silt under vehicle or wave loading, anisotropically consolidated silt under undrained cyclic principal stress rotation was studied with hollow cylinder dynamic tests. The results show that for the slightly anisotropically consolidated samples with consolidation ratios no larger than 1.5, the structure collapses and the deviator strain and pore pressure increase sharply to fail after collapse. For the highly anisotropically consolidated samples with consolidation ratios larger than 1.5, the strain increases steadily to high values, which shows characteristics of ductile failure. 4% is suggested to be the threshold value of deviator stain to determine the occurrence of collapse. The normalized relationship between pore pressure and deviator strain can be correlated by a power fimction for all the anisotropically consolidated samples. Based on it, for the highly anisotropically consolidated samples, the appearance of inflection point on the power function curve is suggested to sign the failure. It can be predicted through the convex pore pressure at this point, whose ratio to the ultimate pore pressure is around linear with the consolidation ratio in spite of the dynamic shear stress level. And the corresponding deviator strain is between 3% and 6%. The strain failure criterion can also be adopted, but the limited value of stain should be determined according to engineering practice. As for the slightly anisotropically consolidated samples, the turning points appear after collapse. So, the failure is suggested to be defined with the occurrence of collapse and the collapse pore pressure can be predicted with the ultimate pore pressure and consolidation ratio.

Time Domain Calculation of Connector Loads of a Very Large Floating Structure

Loads generated after an air crash, ship collision, and other accidents may destroy very large floating structures （VLFSs） and create additional connector loads. In this study, the combined effects of ship collision and wave loads are considered to establish motion differential equations for a multi-body VLFS. A time domain calculation method is proposed to calculate the connector load of the VLFS in waves. The Longuet-Higgins model is employed to simulate the stochastic wave load. Fluid force and hydrodynamic coefficient are obtained with DNV Sesam software. The motion differential equation is calculated by applying the time domain method when the frequency domain hydrodynamic coefficient is converted into the memory function of the motion differential equation of the time domain. As a result of the combined action of wave and impact loads, high-frequency oscillation is observed in the time history curve of the connector load. At wave directions of 0° and 75°, the regularities of the time history curves of the connector loads in different directions are similar and the connector loads of C1 and C2 in the X direction are the largest. The oscillation load is observed in the connector in the Y direction at a wave direction of 75° and not at 0° This paper presents a time domain calculation method of connector load to provide a certain reference function for the future development of Chinese VLFS

Finite element analysis of road structure containing top-down crack within asphalt concrete layer

In this paper, a four-layered road structure containing a top-down crack is investigated by performing finite element analyses in ABAQUS. In this study, in addition to the vertical load of a vehicle wheel, the horizontal load as well as its position with respect to the crack is also considered in the analyses, and the crack tip parameters including stress intensity factors(SIFs) and T-stress are then calculated. Moreover, influence of elastic modulus and thickness of the pavement layers on the crack tip parameters is studied. Results show that the horizontal and vertical loads along with their position with respect to the crack, elastic modulus and thickness of the road layers influence the crack tip parameters(KⅠ, KⅡ and T-stress) significantly. It was also found that for the cases that the vehicle wheel is positioned near the crack plane, only the shear deformation mode is observed at the crack tip;while, for the vehicle wheel positions far from the crack, only the opening mode is observed, and between these positions, both the opening and shear deformation modes(i.e., mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ) are observed at the crack tip.

Investigation of the Effect of Bulbuos Bow of Containership in Head Waves Using CFD

Reynold＇s averaged Navier-Stokes based CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique WISDAM developed at The University of Tokyo is used to investigate and compare the hydrodynamic loads on container ship models SR108 and KCS in 120 degree regular oblique wave conditions. WISDAM has the capability of handling 6DOF （six degrees of freedom） in ship motions. Finite volume method with structured and overlapping grid system is employed. The flow variables are described in staggered manner, i.e., velocity components arc defined at the face center while pressure is at the cell center. Computational results agree favorably well with existing towing tank results especially for ship motions. Computational results also show that ship with bulbous bow experience higher hydrodynamic loads on bow section.

Strength of Wall-Slab Junction with New Form of Shear Reinforcement in a Laterally Loaded Tall Shear Wall Building

Very high concentration of flexural, shear and torsional stresses occurs at the wall-slab junctions in a laterally loaded tall building consisting of planar walls and coupling slabs. Due to this concentration of stresses and their interaction, there are great chances of failure to occur at the junction. Also the flexural stresses are not uniformly distributed and have the highest intensity near the periphery of inner walls but are reduced drastically as we move away from the wall-slab junction. Numerous attempts have been made to strengthen the wall-slab junction by using various types of shear reinforcement to ensure that shear failure should not occur. Various methods including fibre reinforcement consisting of twins of twisted steel couplets have already been used. This paper describes a new method of placing 2 inch wide flange I-sections at appropriate locations to improve the shear strength of the wall-slab junctions. Based on systematic research, a new procedure has also been developed to assess the strength of wall-slab junction using the new reinforcement method. Test results showed that a substantial increase, up to 57%, in the shear strength of specimens was obtained by using the new method of shear reinforcement in a laterally loaded tall building.

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe(Yellow) River delta

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe(Yellow) River delta were investigated experimentally and numerically. Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the response of a layered silty seabed with various saturation conditions under cyclic wave loads,in which the pore pressure and seepage-related phenomena were particularly monitored. Numerical models to simulate wave-induced seepage in the seabed were presented and evaluated,then applied to the Huanghe River delta. The experimental results show that the excess pore pressure decreases more rapidly at the surface layer,while the seepage-related phenomena are more pronounced when large cyclic loads are applied and the underlying layer is less saturated. The proposed numerical models were verified by comparing with the experiments. The calculated seepage depth agreed well with the depth of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. The experimental and numerical results and the existing insitu investigations indicate that the wave-induced seepage may be a direct cause of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. Extreme storm waves and the dual-layered structure of hard surface layer and weak underlying layer are essential external and internal factors,respectively. Wave- or current-induced scour and transport are possible contributors to the reformation of pockmarks at a later stage.

A Preliminary Study on Mechanisms of Well Water Temperature Responses Based on the Modes of Stress Loading

Based on the studies of the predecessors, and contrasting the modes of stress loading with water level and water temperature response characteristics of a well-aquifer system, this paper draws a preliminary conclusion on the mechanisms of water temperature responses in a well caused by three modes of stress loading, i.e. gas escape, heat dispersion and cold water penetration mechanisms for elastic seismic wave stress loading; the fracture seepage mechanism for seismic wave stress loading and the hydrodynamic mechanism for earth tide stress loading and stress-dissipative heat mechanism for long period slow stress loading in the earthquake preparation stage. This paper illustrates the typical observation examples for each mode of stress loading and makes a preliminary study on their mechanisms.

Permissible Stress Level of Brick Masonry under Compressive Cyclic Loading

Laboratory tests revealed that the behavior of brick masonry under compressive cyclic loading is characterized by three distinct stress-strain curves. These three curves are termed as envelope curve, common point curve and stability point curve. The envelope curve is obtained by superimposing the cyclic peaks on the monotonic stress-strain curve. The common point curve is the locus of intersection points of loading and unloading curves of the cycles. If for the same cycle, the loading and unloading are repeated several times, the intersection points of loading and unloading paths will stabilize at a lower bound. The locus of these stabilized points （lower bound points） of all cycles form the stability point curve. Therefore, the stability point curve can be used as a measure for the allowable stress for masonry under cyclic loadings. The proposed cyclic allowable stress level is associated with the accumulation of residual （plastic） strain levels as a result of cyclic loading history. The permissible stress level was found to be about two thirds of the cyclic peak stress of the specimen.

Elastic stability of shallow pin-ended parabolic arches subjected to step loads

Buckling could be induced when shallow arches were subjected to vertical step loads. In-plane static and dynamic buckling of shallow pin-ended parabolic arches with a horizontal cable was investigated. Based on the equations of motion derived from Hamilton's principle, nonlinear equilibrium equations and static buckling equilibrium equations were deduced. Through the pseudo-static analysis, approximate solutions to the lower and upper dynamic buckling loads under step loads were obtained, for shallow parabolic arches. The results show that dynamic buckling and snap-through buckling are impossible when modified slenderness ratio λ<λc and λ>λs, where λc and λs denote critical slenderness ratios of bucking and snap-through buckling, respectively; effects of the stiffness of the horizontal cable on the dynamic buckling are significant; and the dynamic buckling loads under a equivalent central concentrated step load are lower than the loads under a distributed load appreciably.

Coefficient of consolidation by end of arc method

One of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering is excess pore pressure caused by clay soil loading and consolidation. Regarding uncertainties and complexities, this issue has long been the subject of attention of many researchers. In this work, a one-dimensional consolidation apparatus was equipped in a way that pore water pressure and settlement could be continuously read and recorded during consolidation process under static loading. The end of primary consolidation was obtained using water pressure changes helping to present a new method for determining the end of primary consolidation and consolidation coefficient. This method was then compared with two classical theory methods of lg t and t. Using Terzaghi's theory, the way of pore pressure dissipation for lg t, t and the new method was found and compared with experimental results. It is concluded that the new method has better results.