聚合物水化分子的微观结构研究

在聚合物水化分子微观结构研究中,必需使用冷冻升华方法制样才能基本保持样品的聚合物分子形态与原水化状态一致。风干制样方法会导致聚合物分子链卷缩,样品干缩成块,无法保留水化分子的原貌。放大倍数小于2000X的显微图像适于研究聚合物水化分子构成的骨架全貌;而放大倍数大于10000X后,更适于观察聚合物水化分子骨架的局部形态。聚合物分子在溶液中形成非均匀网络骨架,存在较粗的主干和较细的分枝。这种网络骨架既对水分子形成支撑,又吸附和包裹大量水分子产生形变阻力。大部分网络骨架不是由单个聚合物分子构成,而是由聚合物分子聚集体形成。溶液中的盐份富集在聚合物分子的带电基团附近并形成浓度梯度分布。

一种聚合物水化分子形态的环境扫描电镜观测方法

聚合物、交联聚合物、凝胶等含水样品水化分子形态呈链状、线团状及网状等结构,这些样品由于有大量水的存在,不能用普通扫描电镜直接观察,而干燥后的样品又容易导致聚合物分子缩聚。本文介绍利用环境扫描电镜,简单有效的观察聚合物、凝胶等含水样品的水化分子微观形态的实验方法。

过饱和水汽压缩系数对比和水化分子——纯气井静气柱性质的进一步讨论

以前已经讨论了混合天然气体摩尔组成、压缩系数沿井筒分布的规律,根据这些规律进一步对天然气井中水蒸汽、天然气的压缩系数差异等性质进行更深入的分析研究。从而揭示纯天然气井静气柱中存在着复杂的分子缔合现象,分子缔合后形成水化分子,使井筒内的天然气与实验室中天然气气体性质出现较大差异。

新型自悬浮压裂支撑剂的应用

目前常规的水力压裂一般由冻胶压裂液和支撑剂两部分组成,压裂施工流程复杂,冻胶残渣对地层伤害大,施工成本较高。新型自悬浮支撑剂压裂技术利用支撑剂表面可水化分子涂层的溶胀、润滑、增黏作用,实现支撑剂与压裂液合二为一的突破,简化施工流程,减少储层伤害,降低压裂成本。对新型自悬浮支撑剂的自悬浮、溶胀、防膨、破胶性能及裂缝导流能力等进行了室内实验研究,并进行了自悬浮支撑剂压裂技术矿场试验。研究结果表明,自悬浮支撑剂压裂工艺技术降本增效效果显著,具有良好的应用前景。

聚合物MO-4000与油藏渗透率的配伍性研究

研究了超高相对分子质量聚合物（HPAM）MO-4000与胜利高温高盐油藏的配伍性。用动态激光光散射法，在30℃、矿化度19334mg／L的胜利Ⅱ型盐水中，测得该聚合物水化分子线团的水动力学半径Rh主要分布在20～100nm范围，其平均值为39．1nm。用不同渗透率的12支石英砂胶结岩心，在80℃测定了水驱之后注入0．3PV的1500mg／LMO-4000盐水溶液得到的提高采收率值，当岩心渗透率由0．092μm^2逐步增至1．302μm^2时，聚驱提高采收率由12．61％增至16．63％，渗透率继续增至5．266时时，聚驱提高采收率则减至9，97％，MO-4000提高采收率的最适渗透率为0.2～2.0μm^2时。按经验公式由K、φ计算的实验岩心孔喉半径均值在1．78-10．78μm。根据颗粒堵塞多孔介质孔喉的架桥学说，颗粒半径小于孔喉半径的0．46倍时不造成堵塞，因此注入MO-40000盐水溶液不会堵塞目标油藏，根据岩心驱油实验结果，孔喉半径均值在2～6．5μm的油藏，与MO-4000的匹配性最好。图6表1参20。

Correlation Analysis of Two Hydrochemical Factors Affecting the Distribution of Ceratopteris thalictroides in China

[ Objective] This study was to analyze the two hydrochemical factors affecting the distribution of Ceratopteris thalictroides, further to provide basis for its habitat protection and population restoration. [ Method ] Twenty two hydrochemical parameters of 22 sampling sites in China＇s tropical and subtropical zones were respectively averaged for calculating their variation coefficients, of which the two showing significant differences were used for multiple comparisons and correlation analyses via least significant difference and correlation coefficient. E Result ] The correlation coefficients of all the 22 tested hydrochemical parameters varied hugely, but only pH value and conductivity showed significantly differences in two water body （type A and type B）. Analysis of correlation presented that pH value were positively correlated with conductivity; further the multiple comparisons showed that the significant difference of pH value was higher than that of conductivity. [Conclusion] With regard to the two hydrochemical parameters showing significant differences, pH value influences the distribution of C. thalictroides more.

Segmental Duplications Are Common in Rice Genome

Segmental duplications on rice (Oryza sativa L.) chromosomes 8, 9, 11, and 12 were studied by examining the distributions of sequences resolved by 13 probes detecting multiple copies of DNA sequences. Four of the hybridization bands detected by a repetitive sequence probe, rTRS, were mapped to the ends of all the four chromosomes. Two or three of the bands detected by each of the other 12 probes were also mapped to different chromosomes. The bands detected by the same probe usually occurred in similar locations of different chromosomes. Loci detected by different DNA probes were often similarly arranged on different chromosomes. Chromosomes 8 and 9 showed colinearity of marker loci arrangement indicating a possible common origin. A segment on chromosome 9 was also very similar to the previously reported duplicated fragments on the ends of chromosomes 11 and 12 which were also detected in this study, indicating a likely common origin. Moreover, the various degrees of distributional similarity of the segments suggest a complex relationship among the chromosomes in the evolution of the rice genome. These results support the proposition that chromosome duplication and diversification may be a mechanism for the origin and evolution of the chromosomes in the rice genome.

Recent progress in production and usage of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has attracted increasing interest as an environmentally benign and green oxidant that can also be used as a solar fuel in fuel cells.This review focuses on recent progress in production of hydrogen peroxide by solar-light-driven oxidation of water by dioxygen and its usage as a green oxidant and fuel.The photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide is made possible by combining the e^(-)and 4e-oxidation of water with the e^(-)reduction of dioxygen using solar energy.The catalytic control of the selectivity of the e^(-)vs.4e-oxidation of water is discussed together with the selectivity of the e^(-)vs.4e-reduction of dioxygen.The combination of the photocatalytic e^(-)oxidation of water and the e^(-)reduction of dioxygen provides the best efficiency because both processes afford hydrogen peroxide.The solar-light-driven hydrogen peroxide production by oxidation of water and by reduction of dioxygen is combined with the catalytic oxidation of substrates with hydrogen peroxides,in which dioxygen is used as the greenest oxidant.

Electrocatalytic water oxidation by a nickel oxide film derived from a molecular precursor

In this study,we fabricated a NiOx film by electrodeposition of an ethanediamine nickel complex precursor(pH=11)on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrate.The resulting film is robust and exhibits high catalytic activity for electrochemical water oxidation.Water oxidation is initiated with an overpotential of375mV(1mA/cm2)and a steady current density of8.5mA/cm2is maintained for at least10h at1.3V versus the normal hydrogen electrode.Kinetic analysis reveals that there is a2e?/3H+pre‐equilibrium process before the chemical rate‐determining step.The low‐cost preparation,robustness,and longevity make this catalyst competitive for applications in solar energy conversion and storage.

Electron transfer kinetics in CdS/Pt heterojunction photocatalyst during water splitting

Noble metal cocatalysts have shown great potential in boosting the performance of CdS in photocatalytic water splitting.However,the mechanism and kinetics of electron transfer in noble-metal-decorated CdS during practical hydrogen evolution is not clearly elucidated.Herein,Pt-nanoparticle-decorated CdS nanorods(CdS/Pt)are utilized as the model system to analyze the electron transfer kinetics in CdS/Pt heterojunction.Through femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,three dominating exciton quenching pathways are observed and assigned to the trapping of photogenerated electrons at shallow states,recombination of free electrons and trapped holes,and radiative recombination of locally photogenerated electron-hole pairs.The introduction of Pt cocatalyst can release the electrons trapped at the shallow states and construct an ultrafast electron transfer tunnel at the CdS/Pt interface.When CdS/Pt is dispersed in acetonitrile,the lifetime and rate for interfacial electron transfer are respectively calculated to be~5.5 ps and~3.5×10^(10) s^(−1).The CdS/Pt is again dispersed in water to simulate photocatalytic water splitting.The lifetime of the interfacial electron transfer decreases to~5.1 ps and the electron transfer rate increases to~4.9×10^(10) s^(−1),confirming that Pt nanoparticles serve as the main active sites of hydrogen evolution.This work reveals the role of Pt cocatalysts in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of CdS from the perspective of electron transfer kinetics.

Rational design and precise manipulation of nano‐catalysts

Nano‐catalysis plays a vital role in the chemical transformations and significantly impacts the booming modern chemical industry.The rapid technological enhancements have resulted in serious energy and environmental issues,which are currently spurring the exploration of the novel nano‐catalysts in diverse fields.In order to develop the efficient nano‐catalysts,it is essential to understand their fundamental physicochemical properties,including the coordination structures of the active centers and substrate‐adsorbate interactions.Subsequently,the nano‐catalyst design with precise manipulation at the atomic level can be attained.In this account,we have summarized our extensive investigation of the factors impacting nano‐catalysis,along with the synthetic strategies developed to prepare the nano‐catalysts for applications in electrocatalysis,photocatalysis and thermocatalysis.Finally,a brief conclusion and future research directions on nano‐catalysis have also been presented.

Utilization of wastewater from zeolite production in synthesis of flotation reagents

The application of waste alkali liquids as a substitute of sodium hydroxide for the saponification to improve the collection performance of fatty acids was investigated by saponification reaction test and flotation test.The results of the saponification reaction test indicated that the optimal conditions for the saponification were stirring rate of 55 r/min,initial temperature of 40℃ and stirring time of 45 min.Meanwhile,the laboratory scale and industrial scale flotation experiments showed that the fatty acid salt synthesized by wastewater achieved an index comparable to fatty acid sodium synthesized by sodium hydroxide.As a consequence,it was feasible to replace sodium hydroxide with the wastewater from zeolite production for fatty acid saponification.The cross-border utilization of waste alkali liquids not only reduced environmental pollution,but also produced excellent economic benefits.

Global Optimization for the Synthesis of Integrated Water Systems with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fresh water and wastewater treatment is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alterna- tives for wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle, is synthesized with a non-linear programming model. An evolutionary approach--an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed for optimizing such systems. Two simple examples are .Presented.to illustrate the global op.timization of inte.grated water networks using the proposed algorithm.

Ultrasound assisted multicomponent reactions:A green method for the synthesis of N-substituted 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines usingβ-cyclodextrin as a supramolecular reusable catalyst in water

We demonstrate a superficial method for the synthesis of N-substituted 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines using β-cyclodextrin as a supramolecular,biodegradable,and reusable catalyst in aqueous medium.The reaction product is in excellent yield with moderate to excellent selectivity.The mechanistic transformation presumably proceeds via a one-pot,multicomponent cyclization of dimedone in the presence of aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines/INH,undergoing a tandem Michael addition reaction.The proposed approach in this study provides a highly efficient and environmentally benign route to N-substituted 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines.

A molecular dynamics study of calcium silicate hydrates-aggregate interfacial interactions and influence of moisture

The interface properties between hydrated cement paste(hcp)and aggregates largely determine the various performances of concrete.In this work,molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the atomistic interaction mechanisms between the commonly used aggregate phase calcite/silica and calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H),as well as the effect of moisture.The results suggest that the C-S-H/calcite interface is relatively strong and stable under both dry and moist conditions,which is caused by the high-strength interfacial connections formed between calcium ions from calcite and high-polarity non-bridging oxygen atoms from the C-S-H surface.Silica can be also adsorbed on the dry C-S-H surface by the H-bonds;however,the presence of water molecules on the interface may substantially decrease the affinities.Furthermore,the dynamics interface separation tests of C-S-H/aggregates were also implemented by molecular dynamics.The shape of the calculated stress-separation distance curves obeys the quasi-static cohesive law obtained experimentally.The moisture conditions and strain rates were found to affect the separation process of C-S-H/silica.A wetter interface and smaller loading rate may lead to a lower adhesion strength.The mechanisms interpreted here may shed new lights on the understandings of hcp/aggregate interactions at a nano-length scale and creation of high performance cementitious materials.

Growth of Cu/SSZ-13 on SiC for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH_3

Silicon carbide(SiC)was used as a support for SSZ‐13zeolite in an attempt to improve the high‐temperature stability and activity of Cu/SSZ‐13in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH3.SSZ‐13was grown via a hydrothermal method using the silicon and silica contained in SiC as the source of silicon,which led to the formation of a chemically bonded SSZ‐13layer on SiC.Characterization using X‐ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and N2adsorption‐desorption isotherms revealed that the alkali content strongly affected the purity of zeolite and the crystallization time affected the coverage and crystallinity of the zeolite layer.Upon ion exchange,the resulting Cu/SSZ‐13@SiC catalyst exhibited enhanced activity in NH3‐SCR in the high‐temperature region compared with the unsupported Cu/SSZ‐13.Thus,the application temperature was extended with the use of SiC as the support.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Super-hydrophobic and super-lipophilic functionalized graphene oxide/polyurethane sponge applied for oil/water separation

Nowadays, oil spills have led to a serious environmental crisis of the world. To deal with this problem, inspired from super-hydrophobic lotus leaf, this study fabricated super-hydrophobic and super-lipophilic functionalized graphene oxide/polyurethane （FGP） sponge by a simple and inexpensive dip coating method. The resulting FGP sponge was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle. The results expressed that FGP sponge exhibited a similar surface structure to that of a lotus leaf, and possessed the super-hydrophobic characteristic with the water contact angle （WAC） of 152°± 1 °. The absorption capacity and reusability were also investigated. It can be seen that, the FGP sponge can remove a wide range of oils and organic solvents from water with good absorption capacities （up to 35 times of its own mass）. Significantly, after 10 cycles the absorption capacity of the oils and organic solvents was higher than 90°; for the reused FGP sponge, demonstrating the good reusability of the FGP sponge. Therefore, this study probably provided a simole way to remove the pollutions ofoil spills and toxic organism from water.

Preparation of polysaccharides in different molecular weights from Ulva pertusa Kjellm (Chorophyta)

As molecular weight controls the biological activities of polysaccharides, screening the optimal molecular weight of polysaccharides is important in drug research and application. In this study, hydrogen peroxide was employed as oxidant, and temperature, reaction time, and concentration of polysaccharides and hydrogen peroxide were examined for their effects on the preparation of polysaccharides in different molecular weights from Ulva pertusa. Our experiment suggested that the optimal degradation concentrations for polysac-charides and hydrogen peroxide were 2.5% (w/v) and 8.0% (v/v), respectively. The range of degradation measured by relative viscosity was mainly controlled by temperature and time. Results revealed that 35℃ was the optimal temperature for obtaining low-degradation samples, and 50℃ was the most favorable temperature to accelerate the reaction to yield highly-degraded samples. Four samples in different molecular weights A, B, C and D were finally prepared. The controllability was evaluated by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of relative viscosity, and the peak molecular weights and the polydispersity indexes (Mw/Mn) of molecular weights were measured by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC).

Probing Molecular Interactions in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride-Water and 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol Mixtures Using Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy

Molecular interactions of the ternary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride （[C4C1im]Cl）-water-2,6-dimethoxyphenol （2,6-DMP, a phenolic monomer lignin model compound） were investigated in comparison with the [C4C1im]Cl-water binary systems through attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Results indicated that the microstructures of water and [C4C1im]Cl changed with varying mole fraction of [C4C1im]Cl （xIL） from 0.01 to 1.0. This change was mainly attributed to the interactions of [C4C1im]Cl-water and the self-aggregation of [C4C1im]Cl through hydrogen bonding. The band shifts of C-H on imidazolium ring and the functional groups in 2,6-DMP indicated that the occurrence of intermolecular interactions by different mechanisms （i.e., hydrogen bonding or π-π stacking） resulted in 2,6-DMP dissolution. In the case of xIL=0.12, the slightly hydrogen-bonded water was fully destroyed and [C4C1im]Cl existed in the form of hydrated ion pairs. Interestingly, the maximum 2,6-DMP solubility （238.5 g/100 g） was achieved in this case. The interactions and microstructures of [C4C1im]Cl-water mixtures influenced the dissolution behavior of 2,6-DMP.

The Mechanism of the Acclimation of Nannochloropsis oceanica to Freshwater Deduced from Its Transcriptome Profiles

In this study, we compared the transcriptomes of Nannochloropsis oceanica cultured in f/2 medium prepared with seawater and freshwater, respectively, aiming to understand the acclimation mechanism of this alga to freshwater. Differentially expressed genes were mainly assigned to the degradation of cell components, ion transportation, and ribosomal biogenesis. These find- ings indicate that the algal cells degrade its components （mainly amino acids and fatty acids） to yield excessive energy （ATP） to maintain cellular ion （mainly K＋ and Ca〉） homeostasis, while the depletion of amino acids and ATP, and the reduction of ribosomes attenuate the protein translation and finally slow down the cell growth.