水热蚀变分带和矿物-水化的反应动力学过程

笔者重点介绍在22 MPa、在25～400℃范围的钠长石在水和KCI溶液里溶解反应动力学实验结果.并试图应用这一实验结果解释水热蚀变的形成机制。钠长石与水溶液反应动力学实验是在开放体系的流动反应器(叠层反应器)里进行的。钠长石在水中的溶解反应经常是不一致溶解作用,只在近水临界点(374℃)的300℃出现一致溶解过程。由25～300℃。

DES+CTAB复配驱油剂体系提高低渗致密砂岩油藏采收率机理

针对低渗致密油藏注水困难、采收率低等问题,利用尿素基深共晶溶剂(DES)与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)复配的驱油剂体系,对驱油剂在低渗致密油藏中的降压增注和提高采收率机理进行了研究。研究结果表明:①驱油剂体系可以将油水界面张力降低至10^(-3)mN/m以下,大大提高了洗油效率;②驱油剂体系可有效抑制黏土矿物水化,避免了低渗致密砂岩中黏土矿物水化膨胀带来的流体敏感性损害;③驱油剂体系可对砂岩表面进行界面修饰,驱油剂溶液浸泡后样品的油相接触角由25.8°增加至61.4°,亲水性增强,亲油性减弱,有助于吸附在岩石孔隙壁面的油膜脱落;④超前注入驱油剂的注入压力降低率平均为79.64%,采收率平均为50.96%,远大于常规水驱(一次注水→注驱油剂驱→二次注水)的采收率。

轻集料混凝土微观结构分析

本文对轻集料混凝土进行了扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射等微观结构的测试分析，对组成并影响混凝土强度的各种水化矿物进行了详细论述，探讨了不同龄期混凝土孔隙特征，从微观结构揭示了影响混凝土强度的各种因素。

阿利尼特水泥及混凝土

一、前言阿利尼特水泥熟料在1100℃左右烧成,有两个含C1-矿物:C11·A7·CaCl2及C21·S6·A·CaCl2.该品种水泥始于苏联,目下已被列入苏联的下一个五年计划,大规模生产节能意义里大。在苏联是采用普通生料。

德兴气田试井中压力计遇阻原因分析

分析了四川德兴气田高压气井试井中压力计遇阻的原因是由于井内产生了水化物,上提压力计过程中水化物逐渐堆积堵塞井眼所致。并分析了水化物的生成条件和机理。

走,我们去火星!

2015年无疑是天文学大热的一年,从"新视野"号探测器传回冥王星高清影像,到发现地外行星开普勒452b,都标志着人类在宇宙空间探索上取得了丰硕的成果。而9月28日美国国家航空航天局公布在火星上发现液态水的新闻无疑是最"实用"的好消息了。这一激动人心的发现,会大大刺激火星登陆和探索计划。也许。

Relation of Mineralizable N to Organic N Components in Dark Loessial Soils

Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0～15, 15～30,30～45, 45～60, 60～80 and 80～100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from YongshouCounty, Shaanxi Province, China, were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremnerprocedure, respectively. Correlation, multiple regression and path analyses were performed to studythe relation of mineralizable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regressionanalyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlatedwith, the total acid hydrolyzable N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzableN, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with themineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regressionequations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, onthe other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partialregression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, thehydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations. Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid Nand ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of theamino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested that the mineralized N in the soils tested wasmainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the majorsources for its production.

硫硅酸钙-硫铝酸盐水泥研究进展

硫铝酸盐水泥具有煅烧温度低、CO_(2)排放少、快硬早强以及抗冻抗渗等优良特性,在建材、固废领域具有广阔的应用前景,并衍生出贝利特-硫铝酸钙、贝利特-硫铝酸钡钙等一系列硫铝酸盐水泥。然而,硫铝酸盐水泥主要矿物成分贝利特(β-C_(2)S)具有水化活性低、水化速度慢的缺点,易导致水泥后期强度增长缓慢。硫硅酸钙(C_(5)S_(2))曾被认为是一种“惰性”矿物,但在硫铝酸盐体系下可表现出比β-C_(2)S更强的水化活性,因此硫硅酸钙-硫铝酸盐水泥(TSAC)的研究具有重要意义。本文从C_(5)S_(2)矿物的形成和水化、TSAC的制备和性能等方面,综述了C_(5)S_(2)和TSAC的研究现状,并提出了TSAC需进一步研究和解决的问题,如固废原料探寻、TSAC性能调控以及TSAC熟料矿物组成优化等,以期为新型低碳水泥的研究和应用提供积极有利的参考和支持。

Acidophilic bacterial community reflecting pollution level of sulphide mine impacted by acid mine drainage

To reveal the impact of mining on bacterial ecology around mining area,bacterial community and geochemical characteristics about Dabaoshan Mine(Guangdong Province,China)were studied.By amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and phylogenetic analysis,it is found that mining pollution greatly impacts the bacterial ecology and makes the habitat type of polluted environments close to acid mine drainage(AMD)ecology.The polluted environment is acidified so greatly that neutrophil and alkaliphilic microbes are massively dead and decomposed.It provided organic matters that can make Acidiphilium sp.rapidly grow and become the most bacterial species in this niche.Furthermore,Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum sp.are also present in this niche.The amount of Leptospirillum sp.is far more than that of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,which indicates that the concentration of toxic ions is very high.The conclusions of biogeochemical analysis and microbiological monitor are identical. Moreover,because the growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum sp.depends on ferrous iron or inorganic redox sulfur compounds which can be supplied by continual AMD,their presence indicates that AMD still flows into the site.And the area is closer to the outfalls of AMD,their biomasses would be more.So the distinction of their biomasses among different areas can help us to find the effluent route of AMD.

Heavy metal contamination, physico-chemical and microbial evaluation of water samples collected from chromite mine environment of Sukinda, India

Water samples from chromite mine quarry of Sukinda and its adjacent areas were analyzed for their heavy metal contamination along with physico-chemical and microbial contents. The chromite mine water samples possessed high concentrations of heavy metals in the order of Cr〉Fe〉Zn〉Ni〉Co〉Mn while ground water did not show any heavy metal contamination except Fe. Physico-chemical parameters of mine water samples showed deviation from those of normal water. Mine water harboured low microbial populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in comparison with mine adjacent water samples. The correlation of data between metals with physico-chemical parameters showed both positive and negative responses while that of metal and microbial population exhibited negative correlation. Bacterial strains isolated from chromite mine water exhibited high tolerance towards chromium and other heavy metals as well as antibiotics which could be used as an indicator of heavy metal pollution.

Effect of Using Magnetic Brackish Water on Irrigated Bell Pepper Crop （Capsicum annuum L.） Characteristics in Lower Jordan Valley/West Bank

Increasing salinity of the groundwater is one of major challenges faced by agricultural sector in West Bank/Palestine. This study was carried out in the Lower Jordan Valley （LJV） under greenhouse field condition, where an area of 0.12 ha was irrigated with 3.5 dS/m magnetic treated water during the growing season 2012/2013. The results of this pilot project show that there are significant increases in the yield of red and yellow bell pepper of about 20% and 18% on fresh weight basis, respectively. Water use efficiency increased by 15% and an increase in shelf time of 7 d were also recorded. The chlorophyll content raised significantly in the leaves of treated plants compared to the controlled one by 2.5 mg/g. Bell pepper irrigated with magnetic water produces 37% more four champers than that of the controlled one. On the other hand, there were no clear significant effects on the height of the plant, number of fruits, distance between nods, size of fruits, number and thickness of walls and sugar contents. Applying visible/near infrared （VIS/N｜R） spectroscopy test shows that it is possible to distinguish between treated and controlled bell pepper fruits. Multivariate data analysis （MVDA） method was used to test the classification of chemical elements in the fruit and it was found that treated and controlled fruit samples are divided into two groups according to their water treatment. An increase in all nutrient concentrations was found in fruits irrigated with magnetic treated water compared with the controlled one. Further testing is needed especially by involving other variables such as decreasing the volume of irrigated water and fertilizers.

Controls of Soluble Al in Experimental Acid Sulfate Conditions and Acid Sulfate Soils

The controls of soluble Al concentration were examined in three situations of acid sulfate conditions: 1)experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of varying amounts of Al(OH)3 (gibbsite) into a sequenceof H2SO4 solutions; 2) experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of the same sequence of H2SO4solutions into two non-acid sulfate soil samples with known amounts of acid oxalate extractable Al; and3) actual acid sulfate soil conditions. The experiment using gibbsite as an Al-bearing mineral showed thatincrease in the concentration of H2SO4 solution increased the soluble Al concentration, accompanied bya decrease in the solution pH. Increasing amount of gibbsite added to the H2SO4 solutions also increasedsoluble Al concentration, but resulted in an increase in solution pH. Within the H2SO4 concentration rangeof 0.0005～0.5 mol L-1 and the Al(OH)3 range of 0.01～0.5g (in 25 mL of H2SO4 solutions), the input ofH2SO4 had the major control on soluble Al concentration and pH. The availability of Al(OH)3, however, wasresponsible for the spread of the various sample points, with a tendency that the samples containing moregibbsite had a higher soluble Al concentration than those containing less gibbsite at equivalent pH levels.The experimental results from treatment of soil samples with H2SO4 solutions and the analytical results ofacid sulfate soils also showed the similar trend.

Iron Activation of Natural Aluminosilicates to Remove Arsenic from Groundwater

Low-cost adsorbents constituted by Fe-modified-aluminosilicates （laminar and zeolite type minerals） were developed and characterized to be used in the arsenic removal from groundwater. Iron activation was carried out ＂in situ＂ by the synthesis and deposition of mesoporous ferrihydrite. Natural iron-rich aluminosilicate was used as reference. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, BET N2-adsorption, SEM-EDS microscopy and ICP chemical analysis. Experimental results of arsenic sorption showed that iron-poor raw materials were not active, unlike iron activated samples. The iron loading in all activated samples was below 5% （expressed as Fe203）, whereas the removal capacity of these samples reaches between 200-700 gg of As by g of adsorbent, after reusing between 17 cycles and 70 cycles up to adsorbent saturation. Differences can be associated to mineral structure and to the surface charge modification by iron deposition, affecting the attraction of the As-oxoanion. On the basis of low-cost raw materials, the easy chemical process for activation shows that these materials are potentially attractive for As（V） removal. Likewise, the activation of clay minerals, with natural high content of iron, seems to be a good strategy to enhance the arsenic adsorption ability and consequently the useful life of the adsorbent.

Negative effect of dissolved organic compounds on settling behavior of synthetic monominerals in red mud

Hydration grossular and hematite monominerals were synthesized. The effects of dissolved organic compounds(including sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium oxalate, sodium salicylate or disodium phthalate) on the settling performance of hydration grossular or hematite slurries were studied. The settling of the slurries was also investigated with the addition of sodium polyacrylate(PAAS) or hydroxamated polyacrylamide flocculant(HCPAM). The adsorption mechanism of organic compounds on monominerals surfaces was studied by FT-IR and XPS, respectively. A deterioration in settling is observed in order of disodium phthalate>sodium salicylate>sodium oxalate>sodium formate(or sodium acetate). Moreover, PAAS can efficiently eliminate the negative effects of organic compounds on the settling performance of the hydration grossular slurry. HCPAM can efficiently eliminate the negative effects of sodium formate, sodium acetate and sodium oxalate on the settling performance of the hematite slurry, but it only partially improves the settling performance of hematite slurry containing sodium salicylate or disodium phthalate. FT-IR and XPS results show that organic compounds are physically adsorbed on hydration grossular surface, and chemisorptions of organic compounds occur on hematite surface with a bidentate chelating complex.

Technogenic hydrogeochemical anomalies of tungsten deposits in Kykylbey ore region

Peculiarities of the tungsten deposits drainage flow chemical composition formation, the development of which was ceased almost 40 years ago, have been considered. Migration peculiarities of ore components have been covered, and forms of their migration have been calculated. Inertial characteristics of the surface flow contamination are shown.

A hydrochemical study of the Hammam Righa geothermal waters in north-central Algeria

This study focuses on the hydrochemical characteristics of 47 water samples collected from thermal and cold springs that emerge from the Hammam Righa geothermal field, located in north-central Algeria. The aquifer that feeds these springs is mainly situated in the deeply fractured Jurassic limestone and dolomite of the Zaccar Mount. Measured discharge temperatures of the cold waters range from 16.0 to 26.5 ℃ and the hot waters from 32.1 to 68.2 ℃. All waters exhibited a near-neutral pH of 6.0-7.6. The thermal waters had a high total dis- solved solids （TDS） content of up to 2527 mg/l, while the TDS for cold waters was 659.0-852.0 mg/l. Chemical analyses suggest that two main types of water exist： hot waters in the upflow area of the Ca-Na-SO4 type （Ham- mam Righa） and cold waters in the recharge zone of the Ca-Na-HCO3 type （Zaccar Mount）. Reservoir tempera- tures were estimated using silica geothermometers and fluid/mineral equilibria at 78, 92, and 95℃ for HR4, HR2, and HRI, respectively. Stable isotopic analyses of the δ18O and δD composition of the waters suggest that the thermal waters of Hammam Righa are of meteoric origin. We conclude that meteoric recharge infiltrates through the fractured dolomitic limestones of the Zaccar Mount and is conductively heated at a depth of 2.1-2.2 km. The hotwaters then interact at depth with Triassic evaporites located in the hydrothermal conduit （fault）, giving rise to the Ca-Na-SO4 water type. As they ascend to the surface, the thermal waters mix with shallower Mg-rich ground- water, resulting in waters that plot in the immature water field in the Na-K-Mg diagram. The mixing trend between cold groundwaters from the recharge zone area （Zaccar Mount） and hot waters in the upflow area （Hammam Righa） is apparent via a chloride-enthalpy diagram that shows a mixing ratio of 22.6 〈 R 〈 29.2 %. We summa- rize these results with a geothermal conceptual model of the Hammam Righa geothermal field.

Develop hydroenergy resources and protect earth environment

Energy is a driving force behind the progress of human civilization. Mainly depend on the current human society of non-renewable fossil energy sources, such as coal and oil, its increasing demand. Gradually reduce the reserves, the contradiction between supply and demand becoming increasingly prominent. With the process of human history has moved forward with the depletion of fossil energy will eventually be unable to sustainable use. The total hydropower resources are limited, but it is renewable, clean energy, its energy is infinite. Therefore, the full use of limited water resources and slow down the depletion of fossil energy process, is to improve and protect the earth’s ecology and environment, one of the most realistic measures.

Carbon Mineralization and Microbial Attributes in Straw-Amended Soils as Affected by Moisture Levels

An 80-d incubation experiment was conducted to investigate straw decomposition, the priming effect and microbial characteristics in a non-fertilized soil （soil 1） and a long-term organic manure-fertilized soil （soil 2） with and without 13C-labeled maize straw amendment under different moisture levels. The soil 2 showed a markedly higher priming effect, microbial biomass C （Cmic）, and β-glucosidase activity, and more abundant populations of bacteria and fungi than the soil 1. Also, soil CO2 emission, Cmic, /3- glucosidase activity, and bacterial and fungal population sizes were substantially enhanced by straw amendment. In the presence of straw, the amount of straw mineralization and assimilation by microbes in the soil at 55% of water holding capacity （WHC） were significantly higher by 31% and 17%, respectively, compared to those at 25% of WHC. In contrast, β-glucosidase activity and fungal population size were both enhanced as the moisture content decreased. Cmic decreased as straw availability decreased, which was mainly attributed to the reduction of straw-derived Cmic. Amended soils, except the amended soil 2 at 25% of WHC, had a more abundant fungal population as straw availability decreased, indicating that fungal decomposability of added straw was independent of straw availability. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis based on fungal denatured gradient gel electrophoresis band patterns showed that shifts in the fungal community structure occurred as water and straw availability varied. The results indirectly suggest that soil fungi are able to adjust their degradation activity to water and straw availability by regulating their community structure.

CO_2 Sequestration from flue gas by direct aqueous mineral carbonation of wollastonite

Emission of carbon dioxide is considered to be the main cause of the greenhouse effect. Mineral carbonation, an important part of the CCS technology, is an attractive option for long-term CO2 sequestration. In this study, wollastonite was chosen as the feedstock and the feasibility of direct aqueous mineral carbonation in the simulated flue gas was investigated via a series of experimental studies carried in a stirred reactor. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy （XRF）, ion chro- matography （IC） and thermal decomposition were used to determine the carbonation conversion. The influences of various factors, including reaction temperature, reaction pressure, solution composition, heat-treatment and particle size, were dis- cussed. Concurrently, the effects of SO2 and NO presented in simulated flue gas were also investigated and a possible mecha- nism was used to explain the results. Experimental results show that reaction temperature, reaction pressure and particle size can effectively improve the carbonation reaction. Addition of 0.6 M NaHCO3 was also proved to be beneficial to the reaction and heat-treatment is not needed for wollastonite to get a higher carbonation conversion. Compared with carbonation in puri- fied CO2 gas, CO2 sequestration directly from simulated flue gas by mineral carbonation is suggested to have a certain degree of economic feasibility in the conditions of medium and low-pressure. A highest carbonation conversion of 35.9% is gained on the condition of T=150℃, P=40 bar and PS 〈30 μ in distilled water for 1 h.