为提高铝粉与海水的反应效率和速率,在惰性氛围下,采用高能球磨法通过多次变速循环工艺制备得到了铝基水反应活性材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、比表面测试等分析表征材料的微观结构和氧化性能;采用自主设计的金属/水反应装置...为提高铝粉与海水的反应效率和速率,在惰性氛围下,采用高能球磨法通过多次变速循环工艺制备得到了铝基水反应活性材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、比表面测试等分析表征材料的微观结构和氧化性能;采用自主设计的金属/水反应装置,实时记录铝基水反应金属材料与海水反应产生的氢气量,研究铝基水反应活性材料的活性。研究结果表明:高能球磨能提高铝基材料与海水的反应活性,铝粉经过球磨后反应效率达到原先的2倍;球磨过程中添加剂铋的添加能进一步提高铝基水反应材料的活性;反应总产率能够达到71.2%,其快速期氢气产生反应速率为210.7 m L/(min·g)。制备的铝基水反应活性材料在高能水反应金属燃料推进剂和制氢领域都具有应用价值。展开更多
To solve the problem of vast cement and low strength in the treated sludge, clay mineral used for accessorial solidification material was applied to advance strength. The principle of solidification sludge strength be...To solve the problem of vast cement and low strength in the treated sludge, clay mineral used for accessorial solidification material was applied to advance strength. The principle of solidification sludge strength because of clay mineral is not clear and has not supported the choice of clay mineral. The mineral and pore water is analyzed in order to contrast clay mineral added or not based on the XRD and pore water chemical character. The result shows that the absorbed quantity of Ca2~ was reduced by sludge because of clay mineral added, the hydrated reaction was advanced and integrated solidified materials was formed.展开更多
Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） combined with detailed chemical kinetics was employed to model the filtration combustion of a mixture of methane/air in a packed bed of uniform 3 mm diameter alumina spherical part...Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） combined with detailed chemical kinetics was employed to model the filtration combustion of a mixture of methane/air in a packed bed of uniform 3 mm diameter alumina spherical particles. The standard k-ε turbulence model and a methane oxidation mechanism with 23 species and 39 elemental reactions were used. Various equivalence ratios （1.47, 1.88, 2.12 and 2.35） were studied. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental data. For ultra-rich mixtures, the combustion temperature exceeds the adiabatic value by hundreds of centigrade degrees. Syngas （hydrogen and carbon monoxide） can be obtained up to a mole fraction of 23%. The numerical results also showed that the combination of CFD with detailed chemical kinetics gives good performance for modeling the pseudo-homogeneous flames of methane in porous media.展开更多
Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been demonstrated as promising environmentally friendly materials in advanced oxidation processes.In this study,Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been used as catalysts for the ozonat...Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been demonstrated as promising environmentally friendly materials in advanced oxidation processes.In this study,Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been used as catalysts for the ozonation of phenol in aqueous solution for the first time.The materials exhibited excellent catalytic ozonation activities both in phenol degradation and mineralization.When Ti4O7was added,the reaction rate was six-fold higher than that of with ozone alone,while the total organic carbon removal rate was substantially elevated from around 19.2%to 92%.By virtue of the good chemical stability of the materials,a low metal leaching of less than 0.15 mg·L^-1could effectively avoid the secondary pollution by metal ions.Radical quenching tests revealed·O2^-and ^1O2to be active oxygen species for phenol degradation at p H 5.As semiconductor catalysts,TinO2n-1 materials show electronic transfer capability.Ozone adsorbed at B-acid sites of the catalyst surface can capture an electron from the conversion of Ti（Ⅲ）to Ti（Ⅳ）,and is thereby broken into the active oxygen species.It was interesting to observe that TinO2n-1 exhibit better catalytic activity for phenol degradation and mineralization with lower n value.The difference in electrical conductivity can be considered as a major factor for the catalytic performances.More highly conductive catalysts show a faster electron-transfer rate and better catalytic activity.Thus,significant evidences have been obtained for a single-electron-transfer mechanism of catalytic ozonation with Magnéli phases TinO2n-1.展开更多
The novel efficient procedure has been developed for the conjugate addition of amines to electron deficient alkenes.A series of hydrotalcite-like materials were synthesized as catalyst for the conjugate addition of am...The novel efficient procedure has been developed for the conjugate addition of amines to electron deficient alkenes.A series of hydrotalcite-like materials were synthesized as catalyst for the conjugate addition of amines and alkenes.After optimizing the reaction conditions,ZnAl-LDHs (3:1) was chosen as the best catalyst for the reaction.The results showed that the catalyst worked very well for the conjugate addition of amines to electron deficient alkenes with the excellent yields in several minutes.Operational simplicity,no solvent,low cost of the catalyst,high yields,reusability,excellent chemoselectivity,wide applicability are the key features of this method.展开更多
Functionalized graphene nano-sheets(FGN) of 0.01%-0.05%(mass fraction) were added to produce FGN-cement composites in the form of mortars. Flow properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of the cementitious ...Functionalized graphene nano-sheets(FGN) of 0.01%-0.05%(mass fraction) were added to produce FGN-cement composites in the form of mortars. Flow properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of the cementitious material were then investigated. The results indicate that the addition of FGN decreases the fluidity slightly and improves mechanical properties of cement-based composites significantly. The highest strength is obtained with FGN content of 0.02% where the flexural strength and compressive strength at 28 days are 12.917 MPa and 52.42 MPa, respectively. Besides, scanning electron micrographs show that FGN can regulate formation of massive compact cross-linking structures and thermo gravimetric analysis indicates that FGN can accelerate the hydration reaction to increase the function of the composite effectively.展开更多
In the past, stainless steel was utilized as cladding in many PWRs （pressurized water reactors）, and its performance under irradiation was excellent. However, stainless steel was replaced by zirconium-based alloy as...In the past, stainless steel was utilized as cladding in many PWRs （pressurized water reactors）, and its performance under irradiation was excellent. However, stainless steel was replaced by zirconium-based alloy as cladding material mainly due to its lower neutron absorption cross section. Now, stainless steel cladding appears as a possible solution for safety problems related to hydrogen production and explosion as occurred in Fukushima Daiichi accident. The aim of this paper is to discuss the steady-state irradiation performance using stainless steel as cladding. The results show that stainless steel rods display higher fuel temperatures and wider pellet-cladding gaps than Zircaloy rods and no gap closure. The thermal performance of the two rods is very similar and the neutron absorption penalty due to stainless steel use could be compensating by combining small increase in U-235 enrichment and pitch size changes.展开更多
文摘为提高铝粉与海水的反应效率和速率,在惰性氛围下,采用高能球磨法通过多次变速循环工艺制备得到了铝基水反应活性材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、比表面测试等分析表征材料的微观结构和氧化性能;采用自主设计的金属/水反应装置,实时记录铝基水反应金属材料与海水反应产生的氢气量,研究铝基水反应活性材料的活性。研究结果表明:高能球磨能提高铝基材料与海水的反应活性,铝粉经过球磨后反应效率达到原先的2倍;球磨过程中添加剂铋的添加能进一步提高铝基水反应材料的活性;反应总产率能够达到71.2%,其快速期氢气产生反应速率为210.7 m L/(min·g)。制备的铝基水反应活性材料在高能水反应金属燃料推进剂和制氢领域都具有应用价值。
基金Acknowledgments Foundation item： National Science Foundation of China （No. 50808068） The Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China （No. 200802941001）.
文摘To solve the problem of vast cement and low strength in the treated sludge, clay mineral used for accessorial solidification material was applied to advance strength. The principle of solidification sludge strength because of clay mineral is not clear and has not supported the choice of clay mineral. The mineral and pore water is analyzed in order to contrast clay mineral added or not based on the XRD and pore water chemical character. The result shows that the absorbed quantity of Ca2~ was reduced by sludge because of clay mineral added, the hydrated reaction was advanced and integrated solidified materials was formed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20307007, 50576081） and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province （R 107532）, Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University （NCET-07-0761） and a Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China （200747）.
文摘Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） combined with detailed chemical kinetics was employed to model the filtration combustion of a mixture of methane/air in a packed bed of uniform 3 mm diameter alumina spherical particles. The standard k-ε turbulence model and a methane oxidation mechanism with 23 species and 39 elemental reactions were used. Various equivalence ratios （1.47, 1.88, 2.12 and 2.35） were studied. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental data. For ultra-rich mixtures, the combustion temperature exceeds the adiabatic value by hundreds of centigrade degrees. Syngas （hydrogen and carbon monoxide） can be obtained up to a mole fraction of 23%. The numerical results also showed that the combination of CFD with detailed chemical kinetics gives good performance for modeling the pseudo-homogeneous flames of methane in porous media.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676139)the Higher Education Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(15KJA530001)+1 种基金the Project of Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of MaterialsOriented Chemical Engineering(ZK201604)
文摘Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been demonstrated as promising environmentally friendly materials in advanced oxidation processes.In this study,Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been used as catalysts for the ozonation of phenol in aqueous solution for the first time.The materials exhibited excellent catalytic ozonation activities both in phenol degradation and mineralization.When Ti4O7was added,the reaction rate was six-fold higher than that of with ozone alone,while the total organic carbon removal rate was substantially elevated from around 19.2%to 92%.By virtue of the good chemical stability of the materials,a low metal leaching of less than 0.15 mg·L^-1could effectively avoid the secondary pollution by metal ions.Radical quenching tests revealed·O2^-and ^1O2to be active oxygen species for phenol degradation at p H 5.As semiconductor catalysts,TinO2n-1 materials show electronic transfer capability.Ozone adsorbed at B-acid sites of the catalyst surface can capture an electron from the conversion of Ti（Ⅲ）to Ti（Ⅳ）,and is thereby broken into the active oxygen species.It was interesting to observe that TinO2n-1 exhibit better catalytic activity for phenol degradation and mineralization with lower n value.The difference in electrical conductivity can be considered as a major factor for the catalytic performances.More highly conductive catalysts show a faster electron-transfer rate and better catalytic activity.Thus,significant evidences have been obtained for a single-electron-transfer mechanism of catalytic ozonation with Magnéli phases TinO2n-1.
基金Supported by the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (2006BAE03B06)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B409)Shanghai International Cooperation of Science and Technology Project (06SR07101)
文摘The novel efficient procedure has been developed for the conjugate addition of amines to electron deficient alkenes.A series of hydrotalcite-like materials were synthesized as catalyst for the conjugate addition of amines and alkenes.After optimizing the reaction conditions,ZnAl-LDHs (3:1) was chosen as the best catalyst for the reaction.The results showed that the catalyst worked very well for the conjugate addition of amines to electron deficient alkenes with the excellent yields in several minutes.Operational simplicity,no solvent,low cost of the catalyst,high yields,reusability,excellent chemoselectivity,wide applicability are the key features of this method.
基金Project(51102035)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Functionalized graphene nano-sheets(FGN) of 0.01%-0.05%(mass fraction) were added to produce FGN-cement composites in the form of mortars. Flow properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of the cementitious material were then investigated. The results indicate that the addition of FGN decreases the fluidity slightly and improves mechanical properties of cement-based composites significantly. The highest strength is obtained with FGN content of 0.02% where the flexural strength and compressive strength at 28 days are 12.917 MPa and 52.42 MPa, respectively. Besides, scanning electron micrographs show that FGN can regulate formation of massive compact cross-linking structures and thermo gravimetric analysis indicates that FGN can accelerate the hydration reaction to increase the function of the composite effectively.
文摘In the past, stainless steel was utilized as cladding in many PWRs （pressurized water reactors）, and its performance under irradiation was excellent. However, stainless steel was replaced by zirconium-based alloy as cladding material mainly due to its lower neutron absorption cross section. Now, stainless steel cladding appears as a possible solution for safety problems related to hydrogen production and explosion as occurred in Fukushima Daiichi accident. The aim of this paper is to discuss the steady-state irradiation performance using stainless steel as cladding. The results show that stainless steel rods display higher fuel temperatures and wider pellet-cladding gaps than Zircaloy rods and no gap closure. The thermal performance of the two rods is very similar and the neutron absorption penalty due to stainless steel use could be compensating by combining small increase in U-235 enrichment and pitch size changes.
