露天煤矿排土场覆土厚度对土壤水分入渗及植物水分利用的影响

表土回覆是露天煤矿排土场生态修复的关键步骤,覆土厚度直接影响植物生长和复垦成本,为研究露天煤矿排土场不同覆土厚度对土壤水分入渗及植物水分利用的影响,采用室内土柱模拟试验,设置10,20,30,40,50 cm共5个覆土厚度,分别进行垂直入渗试验和室内盆栽试验(玉米),并结合氢氧同位素稳定示踪技术,研究不同覆土厚度土壤入渗和玉米水分利用特征,筛选研究区排土场最佳覆土厚度。结果表明:覆土厚度为10~30 cm(27.05~33.02 mm/min)的初始入渗速率显著高于40~50 cm(21.59~24.89 mm/min)的初始入渗速率(p<0.05),稳定入渗速率随覆土厚度的增加而增大,当覆土厚度高于40 cm后,随着覆土厚度的增加稳定入渗速率维持在3 mm/min左右。矸石层入渗过程受覆土层的影响较大,覆土厚度高于40 cm后,矸石层入渗速率基本稳定在土层连接面的入渗速率上。不同覆土厚度下玉米木质部水氢氧同位素值与土壤水氢氧同位素随土层变化曲线交点主要集中在覆土层,因此,玉米生长水分主要来源于覆土层。覆土厚度越大,2条线交点增多、交点分布范围增大,玉米对土壤水分的利用范围越大,当覆土厚度超过40 cm后,玉米水分利用范围基本维持在10~40 cm。结合阜新市最大降雨强度190 mm/h,该地区露天矿排土场覆土厚度应高于40 cm。

Application of Stable Isotope Tracing Technologies in Identification of Transformation among Waters in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

In order to investigate the transformation among the precipitation,groundwater,and surface water in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,precipitation and groundwater samples which were collected at the meteorological station of the Sanjiang Mire Wetland Experimental Station,Chinese Academy of Sciences and the surface water which collected from the Wolulan River were used to identify the transformation of three types of water.The isotope composition of different kinds of water sources were analyzed via stable isotope(deuterium and oxygen-18) investigation of natural water.The results show a clear seasonal difference in the stable isotopes in precipitation.During the cold half-year,the mean stable isotope in precipitation in the Sanjiang Plain reaches its minimum with the minimum temperature.The δ18O and δD values are high in the rainy season.In the Wolulan River,the evaporation is the highest in August and September.The volume of evaporation and the replenishment to the river is mostly same.The groundwater is recharged more by the direct infiltration of precipitation than by the river flow.The results of this study indicate that the water bodies in the Sanjiang Plain have close hydrologic relationships,and that the transformation among each water system frequently occurs.

Spatial variation of stable isotopes in different waters during melt season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment, Shule River basin

To evaluate isotopic tracers at natural abundances by providing basic isotope data of the hydrological investigations and assessing the impacts of different factors on the water cycle, a total of 197 water samples were collected from the Laohugou Glacial catchment in the Shule River basin northwestern China during the 2013 ablation seasons and analyzed their H- and O-isotope composition. The results showed that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Qilianshan Station in the Laohugou Glacial catchment was remarkable variability. Correspondingly, a higher slope of δ180-δD diagram, with an average of 8.74, is obtained based on the precipitation samples collected on the Glacier No.la, mainly attributed to the lower temperature on the glacier surface. Because of percolation and elution, the bottom of the firn the isotopic composition at is nearly steady. The 6180 /altitude gradients for precipitation and melt water were -o.37%o/100 m and -o.34%o/100 m, respectively Exposed to the air and influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the isotopic values and the 6180 vs 6D diagram of the glacial surface ice show no altitudinal effect, indicating that glacier ice has the similar origins with the firn. The variation of isotopic composition in the melt water, varying from -l0.7‰ to -16.9‰ （8180） and from -61.1%o to -122.1%o （6D） indicates the recharging of snowmelt and glacial ice melt water produced at different altitudes. With a mean value of -13.3‰ for 8180 and -89.7‰ for 8D, the isotopic composition of the stream water is much closer to the melt water, indicating that stream water is mainly recharged by the ablation water. Our results of the stable isotopic compositions in natural water in the Laohugou Glacial catchment indicate the fractionations and the smoothing fluctuations of the stable isotopes during evaporation, infiltration and mixture.