贵州《黔山秀水园》的构造

本文论述’９９昆明世界园艺博览会贵州《黔山秀水园》建园思路与造园体会，从而结束“黔无园”的历史，总结这次造园的经验来确立贵州今后园林绿化发展的思路。

贵州《黔山秀水园》构思与实践

本文对《黔山秀水园》的构思、实践、特色、经验逐一作了论述。

小水园飞溅大浪花——盆栽水园设计

居家花园里,在任何一个能盛水的盆里,都可创造一个美丽的水景花园。建立小型水园,其实是沉水盆栽植物的组合配置。水生植物十分强健,大多数不容易死,也不需养护。充分利用你的想象力,化不多的功夫,自己设计水园,何乐而不为。

清凉夏日觅水园——水园设计ABC

炎炎夏日,如能觅得一凉风习习、绿荫可人的水园,看那清纯的荷莲、活泼的鱼蛙、荡漾的水波……该是多么惬意!但如何设计呢?

青水园

小时候,老家南边有三间草屋,草屋里住着一个六十多岁的老人。老人孤身一人,平时种地,农闲时卖点日常生活用品。老人驼背,因而我叫他驼背老伯。驼背老伯的屋前是一个大园子,我叫它“青水园”。

Study of the water quality in Liaohe Park based on the model of GAM

This paper assesses the quality of Daliao river through Liaohe Park based on the model of GAM for water quality analysis and the monitoring data from 2006 to 2011.The results showed that the value of pH per year tended to the average; the DO in 2011 was much higher than that in other years, and the DO in 2006 .was lower than the standard value; the quality risk in six sections was still higher than the standard value in 2007, which was caused by the high concentrations of COD. However, the value of ammonia nitrogen changes was only 40% related to DO and COD.

Distribution and characterizing sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of surface water from Jialing River

Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in surface water samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) to study their distribution and characterizing sources.The water samples were collected from five sites(J1-J5) in the Jialing River of Chongqing downtown area from September 2009 to August 2010.The results demonstrate that the concentration of total PAHs in three samples upstream are relatively higher than those in other two sites downstream,with average concentration of total PAHs for each site ranging from 811.5 ng/L to 1585.8 ng/L.The 2,3 and 4-ring PAHs for sampling stations account for 13.0%,56.6% and 28.6%,respectively,in total PAHs.There are obvious tendencies of seasonal change for PAHs concentration in surface water.The PAHs concentration in April of wet season is 1 301.6 ng/L,which is 1.3 times the lowest amount of total PAHs in August of flood season.Ratios of specific PAH compounds were used to characterize the possible pollution sources.Experimental results indicate that the PAHs in surface water samples are primarily from pyrolytic PAHs because of factories along these sites,while the direct leakage of petroleum products may be significant for two sites,Jiahua Bridge(J4) and Huanghuayuan Bridge(J5),because of the wharf boat nearby.

Soil Conservation Measures in Rainfed Olive Orchards in South-Eastern Spain: Impacts of Plant Strips on Soil Water Dynamics

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive （Olea europaea cv. Picual） trees under： 1） non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width （BS）; 2） non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width （NVS）; and 3） non-tillage without plant strips （NT）. The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron （Granada, south-eastern Spain）, on a 30% slope, were 192 m2 in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths （10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm）. The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 140.0 mm year-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.

Positive Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Physiological Response and Fruit Yield in Citrus Orchards： Implications for Sustainable Water Savings

Different strategies of deficit irrigation based on water stress dynamics were applied in an 11-year old citrus trees （Citrus sinensis L. Osb. cv. Navelina） grafted on carrizo citrange （Citrus sinensis L. Osb.×Poncirus Trifoliata L. Osb.）. The trees were subjected to two irrigation treatments： （1） sustainable deficit irrigation （SDI） established with water supplied at 60% of the crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and （2） low frequency deficit irrigation （LFDI） irrigated according to the plant water status. In addition, a treatment irrigated at 100% of ETc was included as a control （C）. Midday stem-water potential （ψUstem）, stomatal conductance （gs）, and micrometric trunk diameter fluctuations were measured during the maximum evapotranspirative demand period to evaluate the plant-water status, and establish the main relationships among them. The seasonal pattern of the studied variables had a behavior consistent with the contributions made by the volumes of applied irrigation water. Especially significant close relationships of ψstem with gs, and with the maximum daily shrinkage （MDS） were found. The lowest ψstem and gs values were registered in the treatments with lowest irrigations levels （SDI and LFDI）, being the MDS was significative higher than in the C treatment. The LFDI showed an oscillating behavior in these parameters, which was on line with the supplied irrigation restrictions cycles. Thus, according to the results of the present experiment the physiological stress indexes based in MDS or ψstem allow establishing different irrigation restriction cycles, encouraging important water saving without significant impact on yield and the fruit quality parameters.

Jordanian Horticultural Export Competitiveness from Water Perspective

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that the goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of water embodied in the exported crops which have the highest export competitiveness and lower water consumption. The finding contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the resources sustainability logic. This conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via tomatoes and low profitable vegetables from producers＇ perspective but not economical from social perspectives as shown in domestic resource coefficient. The diversion between financial and economic profitability is due to heavily irrigation water subsidy. The results confirm that Jordan utilizes large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not export goods with low water requirements. The potential saving would be very significant and agricultural sector need to modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability. Jordan has to implement policies that reduced, or even abandoned, the export and the production of water-intensive crops. Therefore, they have to be replaced with either imports or crops that optimize the water resources.

Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water of Public Parks in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

In this study, the microbial quality of treated wastewater used for irrigation of three public parks in Dubai was evaluated. A total of 23 samples of TWW （treated wastewater） and 12 samples of irrigated soils from three public parks were collected and tested for Legionella, Salmonella, traditional bacterial indicators, Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts using membrane filtration and direct immune-fluorescence assay. The majority of the tested water samples were found contaminated with LLO （Legionella like organisms）, Salmonella and traditional bacterial indicators. Both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in these samples with a higher occurrence ofCryptosporidium oocysts （96%） than Giardia cysts （35%）. The fecal coliform bacteria were detected in 60.8% of water samples and 58% of soil samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in most of the water and soil samples with a higher occurrence than the fecal coliform bacteria. The results of this study indicate that microorganisms are surviving the chlorination method used for disinfecting wastewater, and are further multiplying in the public parks irrigation network system. Therefore, monitoring the treated wastewater for bacterial pathogens, protozoan parasites and controlling their growth at the point of end use are vital to reducing the risk of environmental contamination with microbial pathogens.

Sprinkler Irrigation and Soil Tillage Practices in Sugarcane Plantations as Influenced by Soil Texture and Water Storage in Northern Ivory Coast

Soil survey investigations were carried out in Ferk6 1 as well as Ferk6 2 sugar mills of northern Ivory Coast to determine soil texture and water storage capacity for sprinkler irrigation and tillage management. A 5-year term observation experiment on reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage was also conducted in Ferk6 1 over an irrigated cane crop of 28 ha for yield optimization purpose. Soil sampling was achieved after harvest or prior to re-plantation at five different spots along two transects over 30 cm depth in every farmland which covers about 30-40 ha with 432 m long cane rows as to get an average soil sample of 1.5-2 kg. Soil physical properties like texture and water retention curves were determined locally in the sugar company＇s soil laboratory. It came out that the majority of soils investigated was coarse-textured for about 64% in Ferk6 1 and 85% in Ferk6 2, with a lower to medium water storage capacity （70-89 mm） over 60 cm depth which corresponds to a readily available moisture less than 60 mm. Except for the sugarcane plant crop, no significant difference in cane yields resulting from tillage practices was observed over four consecutive cropping seasons. The yield decline from plant cane to first ratoon was very high under conventional tillage （-16 t/ha） compared with the reduced tillage （＋3 t/ha）. Even higher cane yield was obtained on the second ratoon （89 t/ha） compared with the conventional tillage （83 t/ha）.

Highly-efficient Stereo-cultivation Model in Kiwifruit Orchards Interplanting Konjak

The kiwifruit orchards with plants growing for over two years were chosen for interplanting of konjak, which takes advantages of complementation of the two plants in terms of habits, reducing water and soil erosions effectively, and decreasing water evaporation, and konjak diseases. Furthermore, the interplanting doubles planting benefits and constitutes a highly-efficient planting model.

Effect of Different Calcium Levels on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomatoes in Substrate Culture

Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growth, yield, and fruit quality(protein, Vitamin C, nitrates, organic acid and soluble sugar) of tomato were studied keeping concentrations of other nutrients unchanged in the nutrient solution. The results showed that parameters related to the growth of tomato(plant height and Stem diameter), changes of tomato yield per plant and quality of tomato fruits were the highest when the plants were grown at 20% Ca treatments. In the second study, increased EC concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in stronger plants with improved yields and quality. Four different concentration gradients of nutrient solution treatment were designed based on the results of the first research stage(EC=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 m S/cm, respectively). The single tomato plant had the highest production which is 2 268.994 g/plant, when the nutrient solution strength was at EC=1.5 m S cm, whereas they have the best fruit quality when the solution strength at EC 4.5 m S/cm. This suggests the need for wide popularization of the nutrient solution formula in large areas to improve the tomato production.

Adopting A.pintoi as Live Mulch for Peach Orchards in China:Benefits of Soil and Water Conservation and Comprehensive Eco-service

Soil erosion occurred in orchards has often attracted extensive attentions from the society with environmental considerations,as orchard is one of major methods of agricultural production in China.In the hilly red soil region of China,many orchards are established on slope lands with a lack of grass covers,leading to severe soil losses.In order to mitigate this common environmental problem and evaluate the efficiency of erosion-control approaches,four treatments were set in field plots in this study,including terraced peach orchard with Arachis pintoi cv.Amarillo as mulch and Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(TTM),terraced peach orchard without conservation measures(TTW),sloping peach orchard with A.pintoi as mulch and P.natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows(STM),and sloping peach orchard without conservation measures(STW).The surface runoff,sediment yields and the contents of soil nutrients and organic carbon were monitored in the four treatments and the comprehensive eco-service benefits were further evaluated.The results indicate that available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),total nitrogen(TN) and organic matter(OM) in the soils of the TTM treatments and STM were significantly higher than those of the treatments TTW and STW,suggesting positive effects of the vegetation covers on the soil nutrients.Mean annual surface runoff and coefficient ranged from 0.86 to 34.79 m^3,and 0.007 to 0.282,respectively;the treatment TTM exhibited the best water conservation benefits and the treatment STW was the worst.Soil erosion modulus of the plots were 0-28.76t/hm^2 per year in average,and the treatments TTM and STM reduced significantly soil loss in comparison of the treatments TTW and STW;(d) total organic carbon in the vegetation covers ranged from 130.23 to 195.93 kg per year,and that for TTM and STM treatment significantly higher than TTW and STW treatment;comprehensive eco-service values of the orchards were evaluated considering all the factors including water conservation,soil fertility conservation,CO_2 fixation and O_2 supply,ranging from 563.35 $/y to 765.51 $/y.As expected,the treatments TTM and STM had significantly greater eco-service values than the treatments TTW and STW.In summary,we concluded that terraced orchard with A.pintoi as live mulch plus Paspalum natatu and Digitariasmutsii as hedgerows is a highly sustainable land use practice for the slope lands in red soil hilly region of China.

The Influence of the ＂Terroir＂ Concerning the Quantity and Quality of Grapes Yield at White Grapevine Varieties Growing in the lasi Vineyard

Abstract： Romania is famous of the potential of his vineyard, winemaking is a traditional occupation, in fact it can be said that there are many areas that can provide a vineyard product. Moreover, typicity and authenticity of a wine are defining conditions under conditions of fierce intemational competition to guarantee success of wine. There were concerns for determining areas with designation of origin from a vineyard that will produce quality wines, but the purpose of this study is to delimit the level of a vineyard small area that can ensure the achievement of a certain type of wine, a quality required by consumers. The research was made during 2006-2008 and revealed that the production of quality grapes and are influenced by different factors such as genetic, environmental and technological acting in complex. This is a first attempt to study characterize the concept of ＂terroir＂, as applied in the Copou vineyard from lasi county and provides information on the behavior of two varieties of grapes for wine： Feteasca Regala and Muscat Ottonel. Depending on the purpose, observations and calculations have found the influence of soil characteristics on several biochemical parameters and productive at varieties of Feteasca Regala and Muscat Ottonel （soluble carbohydrate content, total acidity, the average yield of grapes） for the purpose of knowledge than a more detailed wine center in northeast of Romania. The results of this study can be used to determine with precision small areas crop at the parcel that will produce quality wines.

Nitrogen Derivatives of Irrigation in Chihuahua＇s Parks with Wastewater Treatment Residuals

Since 2000 Chihuahua City has distribution system Waste Water Treatment （WTR）, watering city＇s green areas. The need to cover the growing demand for drinking water has encouraged the use of non-potable water where water quality is not an issue despite being used by 10 years ago, it is not known whether nitrogen compounds derived from WTR pose risks to the environment and public health. Therefore, in order to minimize health and environmental risks, this is needed to assess the impact and policy support for water use. The aim of this study is to determine the constitution and the concentration of nitrogen compounds through selection and characterization of park＇s representative. It＇s divided into physical properties and main parameters that affect nitrogen transformations. It was determined that sand was material that allowed more favorable oxidation and reduction of nitrate in soil and atmosphere, opposite of the clay, When used WTR, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia nitrogen were identified in the subsurface and NOx and N20 were identified in the atmosphere. When drinking water was used, none of these compounds was found. However, it was determined that despite having high concentrations of nitrates, the WTR was within the limits allowed by the Mexican standard for the use of WTR in public places.

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families in the Collection of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

On basis of aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants collection of O.V. fomina botanical garden is conducted research of ontogenesis, ecology, phenology, carpogenesis, biomorphology, life forms, adaptatations, of this group＇s plants, peculiarities of their cultivation and application in conditions of temperate zone of Ukraine. Special values in research have ancient genera and species, which include representatives ofNymphaeaceae salisb, and trapaceae Dumort. families, 22 species, 6 varieties, 1 hybrid, 30 cultivars of which are presented in collection of garden in open and covered soil. For the first time in covered soil of two conservatories ecological modeling was conducted. Placement of plants is done in form of 5 models of artificial ecotopes, in 155 abatises. Four ecobiomorphological groups based on rhizome system were determined for Nymphaeaceae, among which conditionally-rhizome and conditionally-stolone are provided for the first time.

Zooplankton community of Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP) Manipur, India in relation to the physico-chemical variables of the water

Keibul Lamjao National Park （KLNP）, a floating park in Loktak Lake, Manipur （India） was studied from Winter （WIN） to Post Monsoon （POM） for its zooplankton composition and some selected water parameters. The resultant data were subjected to multivariate techniques---Principal Component Analysis （PCA） and Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）. Analyses of water parameters with PCA revealed that the first PC axis （PC 1） accounts for maximum variance in the seasonal data, explaining a variability of 91%. The PCA revealed that the seasonal variability in water parameters was due to the wet and dry cycle of seasons and the stations were distinguished on the basis of transparency and turbidity. Zooplankton abundance was dominated by copepods followed by cladocerans. Temporally, abundance of copepods reached a maximum during Post-monsoon （POM） （3 880 ind./L）. Spatially, $6 was found to be most abundant of the other stations in zooplankton. Copepodites and nauplii larvae were the major components of zooplankton. The Rotifera were the least abundant among the three zooplankton groups. Brachionus formed the major component of Rotifera zooplankton at all the stations during the study period. In the Cladocera, Macrothrix was present during all the four seasons, while Pleuroxus, Oxyurella, Kurzia and, Diaphanosoma were rare. The CCA shows that maximal temporal variability in zooplankton abundance was explained by temperature and rainfall. ANOVA revealed no significant difference in mean zooplankton abundance among the seasons, but there was a statistically significant difference among the sites.

Zhijiang’s Harmonious Urban-Rural Development Project

ANFUSI Town in Yichang City,northwest of Zhijiang City,is a national demonstration town of urbanization and rural development in Hubei and site of a large industrial park.The reporter went there to see the work in progress on building a 4,000-square-meter smart greenhouse with a bucolic landscape and an aquatic product factory equipped to produce surimi.In 2000,there were just a few small local businesses in Anfusi.