环境水土样品中有机污染物检测净化方法

该文主要介绍了吉林省的环境水土情况,并根据实际情况总结较为适用的有机污染物检测净化方法,包括氧化铝吸附净化、硅胶吸附净化、酸碱分配净化等,旨在不断推进吉林省水土保护工作。

环境水土样品中有机污染物检测净化方法总结

环境水土基质样品有机化学物质检测中,水土样品杂质是影响目标物测试的主要因素。所以在检测杂质较多的水土样品时,需采取科学有效的净化方式,确保检测工作的有序进行。本文主要分析了环境水土样品中有机污染物检测净化方法,以供借鉴。

我国主要磷矿、硫铁矿集中开采区水土污染现状分析

我国化工矿山地质环境保护工作有序进行,为全面掌握磷矿、硫铁矿矿产资源集中开采区水土环境质量现状,保障资源、经济与环境的可持续发展,为矿山地质环境保护提供基础资料,通过开展我国主要磷矿、硫铁矿集中开采区矿山地质环境调查,对采集调查区的水土样品进行了测试分析,综合评价磷硫矿山集中开采区水土环境质量,针对存在的水土污染问题提出治理对策及建议,促进化工矿山企业的可持续发展。

Key parameters controlling electrical resistivity and strength of cement treated soils

The improvement of question soils with cement shows great technical, economic and environmental advantages. And interest in introducing electrical resistivity measurement to assess the quality of cement treated soils has increased markedly recently due to its economical, non-destructive, and relatively non-invasive advantages. This work aims to quantify the effect of cement content （aw）, porosity （nt）, and curing time（T） on the electrical resistivity （p） and unconfined compression strength （UCS） of cement treated soil. A series of electrical resistivity tests and UCS tests of cement treated soil specimen after various curing periods were carried out. A modified Archie empirical law was proposed taking into account the effect of cement content and curing period on the electrical resistivity of cement treated soil. The results show that nt/（aw·T） and nt/（aw·T^1/2） ratio are appropriate parameters to assess electrical resistivity and UCS of cement treated soil, respectively. Finally, the relationship between UCS and electrical resistivity was also established.

The Effect of Land Use Change on Soil and Water Quality in Northern Iran

Rapid urbanization has led to extensive land-use changes,particularly in developing countries.This research is aimed to investigate the role of land use and its effect on soil and water quality in Ziarat watershed focusing on four land uses:forest,pasture,cultivated and urban development.Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm on each land use and were analyzed by completely randomized split-plot design in two geographical directions.Results showed that bulk density(BD),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,calcium carbonate equivalent(CCE),and soil particle density(DS) of the soil samples in pastures,cultivated and urban areas increased and the mean weight diameter(MWD),soil porosity(F),organic carbons(OC),total nitrogen(TN),exchangeable cations(Ca 2+,Mg 2+,K +,Na +),cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil microbial respirations(SMR) decreased,respectively in comparison with the forest soils.For water quality evaluations,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),bicarbonate(HCO 3),chloride(Cl),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca 2+),potassium(K +),sodium(Na +) and magnesium(Mg 2+) were investigated in two areas:Nahrkhoran and Abgir stations.Results showed that the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Naharkhoran station is higher than that in Abgir station.On the other hand,the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Abgir station are the relatively higher due to its location.Total hardness had the same trend during the study years except in the last three years;however,TH showed an increase of 25% TH in Naharkhoran for the last two years.Cl,K + and SAR in Naharkhoran station increased by 61%,22%,78% and 56% respectively,in comparison with Abgir station.This study demonstrated that the trend of soil degradation and mismanagement of land use may increase the frequency of urban floods and human health problems.

Investigation of Subsurface Contamination due to Chromium from Tannery Effluent in Kasur District of Pakistan

The present study is conducted in the scenario of the tannery waste hazards in Kasur district of Pakistan where the tannery industry is considered as major cause of groundwater quality deterioration, Area focused in this research constitutes the surroundings of the effluent carrying drains near tannery units. This study includes soil explorations, groundwater monitoring and wastewater analysis in the research area so as to find out the contamination extent of chromium in subsurface. Initial groundwater monitoring exhibited chromium concentrations as high as 90 mg/L in the tannery area. Even groundwater sampling from monitoring wells installed in the adjacent areas of effluent carrying drains, showed concentrations up to 10.4 mg/L. Wastewater analysis of all the drains in the research area has evidenced potential risk of contaminant seepage into soil and groundwater as level of chromium in wastewater samples has reported to be immensely high and varies from 68 mg/L to 2,152 mg/L. However the 30 soil samples collected from two soil bores did not show any significant results as the maximum values obtained for hexavalent chromium for leaching and retained in soil are 0.02 mg/L and 8.1 mg/kg, respectively. These low concentrations of soil samples suggest that the soil contamination may not be a main environmental issue in the areas adjacent to the effluent carrying drains, The research concludes as possibility of direct interference of the tannery wastewater with groundwater through damaged structures and sewers.

Anion Content in Surface and Subsurface Water Flows in Grassland

Grassland devoted about 90% of agricultural Irish land. Anion retention capacity of most agriculture soils is less than cation retention capacity, therefore chemical analyzed for anion （NO3 （nitrate）, CI- （chloride）, SO42 （sulphate） and HPO4 （biphosphate）） in different water flow types （overland flow, interflow and vertical flow or drainage） samples. In this work, simple equipment was used to operationally distinguish between overland flow and interflow while vertical flow collected in different depths using soil water sampler equipments. Episodes of overland flow and interflow occurred even though the site is located in the lowest rainfall in Ireland and on well-drained soil. Samples of different origin showed marked differences in their anion contents, while HPO4 concentrations were almost equal to zero in all water flow types, nitrate where relatively high in overland and interflow samples and was very high in drainage samples. No sampling was carried out below the root zone but it must be assumed that the high concentrations measured in drainage samples would constitute a threat to groundwater resources. When overland flow and interflow did occur, NO3 concentrations were usually close to or in excess of the maximum admissible concentrations for drinking water and it will be constituted a threat to inland surface water bodies.

Influence of Dry Density on Soil-Water Retention Curve of Unsaturated Soils and Its Mechanism Based on Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

The soil-water retention curve(SWRC)can be used to evaluate the ability of unsaturated soils to attract water at various water contents and suctions. In this study, drying SWRCs for a kind of sandy soil were obtained in the laboratory by using self-modified SWRC apparatus. In addition, the porosity and the pore size distribution of the samples were investigated by a mercury porosimetry test in order to analyze the effect of dry density. Results showed that the soil-water retention of the soil specimens was strongly dependent on the dry density. Under zero suction, soil specimens with a higher dry density exhibited lower initial volumetric water content. The higher the dry density of soil, the more slowly the volumetric water content decreased with the increase of suction. There was a general and consistent trend for a soil specimen to possess a larger air-entry value and residual suction, while smaller slope of SWRC when it had a higher density. This was probably attributed to the presence of smaller interconnected pores in the soil specimen with a higher dry density. The proportion of large diameter pores decreased in comparison to pores with small diameters in the soil tested. The measured total pore volume of the soil specimen, which had a larger dry density, was lower than that of the relatively loose specimens.

Soil Explorations and Groundwater Monitoring to Evaluate Subsurface Contamination Due to Chromium in District Kasur, Pakistan

Due to improper tannery wastewater management in district Kasur Pakistan, groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated. It was aimed to find out the extent up to which subsurface has contaminated due to chromium in areas adjacent to the tannery units. Eight （8） soil bores were conducted up to the depth of 30.5 meters and soil samples were tested for total and hexavalent chromium concentrations retained in soil by aqua regia digestion at the every depth of 1.5 meters. Afterwards monitoring wells were installed in these eight （8） bores so as to monitor chromium concentrations in the groundwater on monthly basis. The main source of contamination was considered to be the four （4） drains carrying tanneries effluent therefore samples were collected from these drains so as to observe seasonal variation in chromium concentration.

Preliminary Evaluation of Soils from Kwalkwalawa （Sokoto） and Bakolori （Talata Mafara） Regions Used for Rice and Fishing Activities

Kwalkwalawa is an area noted for extensive rice production and fishing activities, while Talata Mafara is a site used mainly for rice production. Soils of the two areas were taken and evaluated for potentialities of rice-cum-fish culture. Three replicate soil samples were collected in October 2004 and 2005 from three sampling sites within the study area at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth. Analysis of the samples indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the soil pH was 7.35 and 7.28 for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth, respectively, and 6.75 and 6.67 for Talata Mafara, respectively, during 2004. During 2005, the pH at Kwalkwalawa was 6.75 and 7.18, while at Talata Mafara ranged between 5.63 and 5.14. Organic carbon content at Kwalkwalawa estimated during 2004 was 1.12 g/kg and 0.81 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, whereas at Talata Mafara amounted 0.93 g/kg and 0.11 g/kg. During 2005, noted values of organic carbon at Kwalkwalawa lowered to 0.45-0.28 g/kg and at Talata Mafara lowered to 0.38-0.06 g/kg. Total nitrogen （N） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was both 0.04 g/kg for both depths. During 2005, at Kwalkwalawa, total N was 0.04 g/kg and 0.03 g/kg, and at Talata Mafara it was 0.05 g/kg for both depths. Available phosphorus （P） at Kwalkwalawa during 2004 was 1.93 mg/kg and 2.03 mg/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, at Talata Mafara it was 1.59 mg/kg and 1.63 mg/kg. During 2005, available P was 5.82 mg/kg and 6.13 mg/kg for Kwalkwalawa and 1.67 mg/kg and 1.91 mg/kg for Talata Mafara, at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, respectively. Analysis of clay content indicated that at Kwalkwalawa the clay content was 11 g/kg for both depths during 2004 and 16.5 g/kg during 2005, and the soil texture was classified as sandy loam during both seasons. At Talata Mafara during 2004, the clay content was 73 g/kg and 93 g/kg for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. During 2005, it was 84 g/kg and 103 g/Kg. The soil was classified as loamy sand after fitting it into textural triangle. Results indicated the clay content at Kwalkwalawa over two seasons was stable, but at Talata Mafara it differed, even though the soil texture was the same for both seasons and sampling depths. The results showed that with some textural improvements, rice-cum-fish culture project can be undertaken in the study areas.

Biodiversity of Indigenous Amylolytic and Cellulolytic Bacteria in Sago Waste Product at Susupu, North Moluccas

People at Susupu, North Moluccas prepare the sago （Metroxylon sago） in traditionally way for consumption. The residue of processed sago usually thrown away on the ground, so it was caused pollution. Some amylolytic bacteria species and cellulolytic bacteria species could be founded in sago waste product. The purpose of this research are：1 ） to identify the indigenous amylolytic bacteria species in sago waste product; 2） to identify the indigenous cellulolytic bacteria species in sago waste product; 3） to test the amylum hydrolysis ability of each amylolytic bacteria species; 4） to test the cellulose hydrolysis ability of each cellulolytic bacteria species. This research was conduct at the Microbiology laboratory, Biology Department-FMIPA-State University of Malang and the Microbiology laboratory-Faculty of Medicine-Brawijaya University. The research samples are sago waste product from Susupu, North Moluccas. The samples were grinded and diluted in nutrient broth, and then the suspension was diluted gradually until 10^-10. The suspension was inoculated 0.1 mL each on nutrient agar medium in 37℃ during 1 × 24 h. Each bacteria colony that grows on the medium were isolated and determined to know which one were the amyloliytic bacteria and the cellulolytic bacteria. The amylum hydrolysis index of each amylolytic bacteria species were counted as well as the cellulose hydrolysis index of each cellulolytic bacteria species. Each amylolytic bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria species were identified. This research result shows that： 1） there are 5 indigenous amylolytic bacteria species, i.e., Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus alvei and Serratia liquefaciens; 2） there are 4 indigenous cellulolytic bacteria species, i.e., Serratia liquefaciens, Acinetobacter iwofii, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus; 3） Serratia liquefaciens has the highest amylum hydrolysis index, i.e., 3.08; 4） Acinetobacter iwoffii has the highest cellulose hydrolysis index, i.e., 2.01.

Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on Compressive Strength of Self-consolidating Concrete

The design of unique chamber, in which the SCUWC （self-consolidating underwater concrete） can be tested under the impact of the hydrostatic pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa, is presented in the paper. The results of the preliminary tests of the effect of the hydrostatic pressure on the compressive strength of SCUWC were shown. The impact of the hydrostatic pressure on the compressive strength values of test specimens has been confirmed. There has been an increase in the strength of the specimens taken from the upper parts of the concrete samples. As it can be seen from the preliminary research, the differences in compressive strength are related to the differences that occur in the size and distribution of air voids in the samples taken from upper and lower parts of the test specimens. On the basis of the carried out investigations of the compressive strength, it can be concluded that the hydrostatic pressure has a favorable effect on the compressive strength of the tested specimens of SCUWC. Increase of the compressive strength is observed mostly in the upper layers of the samples. Preliminary analysis of the quantity and distribution of air pores in the samples of concrete subjected to pressure 0.5 MPa confirms the positive impact of the hydrostatic pressure on the layers close to the surface indicated by the absence of large air voids above 1,500μm and by reducing the quantity of air pores of size above 300μm.

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Mediterranean Ecosystems

Dissolved organic nitrogen （DON） in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i） estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii） describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） forms （NH＋ and NO3）, and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii） study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett＇s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities （0-18.2 mg N kg-1） were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems

Science Letters:Quantification of Helicobacter pylori levels in soil samples from public playgrounds in Spain

Helicobacter pylori are ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria with a high estimated level of infection in the world populations, but a majority of the infected persons are asymptomatic. This pathogen has been classified by the World Health Organization as a class I carcinogen and recognized as the causal agent of most peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis that might lead to stomach cancer. Although not all the transmission pathways of these bacteria into humans have been propedy identified, enough data have suggested that the oral-oral or fecal-oral ones are the main infection routes. Helicobacterpylori have been detected in non-treated water and in drinking water, which suggested that water might be an important infection source. As childhood is the critical period of infection, the aim of the present work was to examine the presence of Helicobacterpylori in soil samples from public playing areas of Spanish parks.

Spatial Prediction of Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-Associated Organic Carbon Content at the Catchment Scale Using Geostatistical Techniques

The association of organic carbon with secondary particles （aggregates） results in its storage and retention in soil. A study was carried out at a catchment covering about 92 km2 to predict spatial variability of soil water-stable aggregates （WSA）, mean weight diameter （MWD） of aggregates and organic carbon （OC） content in macro.- （〉 2 mm）, meso- （1-2 mm）, and micro-aggregate （〈 1 mm） fractions, using geostatistical methods. One hundred and eleven soil samples were eSlleeted at the 0 10cm depth and fractionated into macro-, meso-, and mlcro-aggregates by wet sieving. The OC content was determined for each fraction. A greater percentage of water-stable aggregates was found for micro-aggregates, followed by meso-aggregates. Aggregate OC content was greatest in meso-aggregates （9 g kg-1）, followed by micro-aggregates （7 g kg-1）, while the least OC content was found in macro-aggregates （3 g kg-1）. Although a significant effect （P = 0.000） of aggregate size on aggregate OC content was found, however, our findings did not support the model of aggregate hierarchy. Land use had a significant effect （P = 0.073） on aggregate OC content. The coefficients of variation （CVs） for OC contents associated with each aggregate fraction indicated macro-aggregates as the most variable （CV = 71%）. Among the aggregate fractions, the micro-aggregate fraction had a lower CV value of 27%. macro-aggregates to 84% for micro-aggregates. Geostatistical analysis differences in their spatial patterns in both magnitude and space at variance for most aggregate-associated properties was lower than 45%. The mean content of WSA ranged from 15% for showed that the measured soil variables exhibited each aggregate size fraction. The relative nugget The range value for the variogram of water-stable aggregates was almost similar （about 3 km） for the three studied aggregate size classes. The range value for the variogram of aggregate-associated OC contents ranged from about 3 km for macro-aggregates to about 6.5 km for meso-aggregates. Kriged maps of predicted WSA, OC and MWD for the three studied aggregate size fractions showed clear spatial patterns. However, a close spatial similarity （co-regionalization） was observed between WSA and MWD.