谈引水型水库引水渠道及建筑物的管护

水库的主要作用是防洪、供水、发电、养殖等，并与下游人民生命财产息息相关。在此，本人结合近年来的工作实际，对引水型水库存在的问题谈点个人看法，以期对水库的科学管护有所帮助。

深圳市引水型水库的特点及管理

实测了2001年1月至2004年3月茜坑水库水位、库容、供水量、引水量、降雨量和蒸发量等数据。结果表明:水库水位与库容的关系为库容随水位的升高而增加,增加幅度受水库地形的影响,水位低时,增加幅度小,水位高时,增加幅度大,关系式可用y=4.2641x2-461.1x+12461表示。2001～2003年,年度降雨量分布不均,且相差较大;年径流量相差也较大,分别占总库容的74.1%、14.2%、14.8%;年引水量分别为1670.5万m3、1818.1万m3、1657.8万m3,占总库容的181.2%、91.7%、83.6%;年水交换次数分别为2.97、1.11、1.03。正常供水时每天供水量一般在6万～8万m3。

梭鱼与南美白对虾水库混养试验

王岗水库位于山东东营市区东面，为浅水型水库。该水库一直采取养殖花鲢和草鱼为主的模式，多年来施用未发酵的粪肥和不合理地使用化肥，导致水体环境逐年变坏，水体经常爆发蓝藻及寄生虫病，投入越来越高，但鱼产量越来越低。为了提高水库养殖效益，同时兼顾水库生态环境保护，在江西省水产科学研究所及江西省缘之康农业生物科技有限公司指导下开展水库高效生态水产养殖模式，于2011进行了梭鱼与南美白对虾大水面混养试验，获得了鱼、虾丰产丰收，收到了较好的经济效益和社会效益。现将本试验关键技术要点介绍如下：

小型水库调洪演算方法探讨

在现行小型水库调洪演算的基础上 ,提出一种简便的较为合理的改进方法。

小型水库运行管理机制与措施探讨

小型水库运行管理机制与措施探讨辽阳市河道管理处李和，马新华关键词：小水库，运管机制，措施探讨１概述辽阳地区现有小型水库７座，其中小（一）型１座，小（二）型６座。７座水库的总库容为４１７．７５万立方米，兴利库容为１８３．４万立方米，设计灌溉面积３８５９...

小型水库高产养鱼技术

者嘎一库位于元江县，总库容150万m^3，养鱼水面25．33hm^2，水最深处10m，平均水深5m，年平均水温19℃，是一座防洪、灌溉、养鱼等综合利用的小（1）型水库。2011年1月至2012年1月，水库养鱼取得了平均亩产量1400妇、亩利润1万元的好效益。现就其高产养殖技术介绍如下。

浅议洪泽湖研究的方法和方向

洪泽湖是我国第四大淡水湖，是一座典型的过水型湖泊，也是国家南水北调东线输水走廊和蓄水型水库。洪泽湖具有西纳淮河、南注长江、东通东海、北连沂沭的水系特点。得天独厚的资源环境，使洪泽湖成为全国重要的水产品基地。也是重要的生态湿地保护区。特别是1985～1992年实施的第一期洪泽湖综合开发项目（时称“2633”项目，是国家“七五”时期重点建设项目）以来，湖区生态平衡和农业基础设施得到明显改善，农业发展成为全国重要的商品粮基地。

盐碱地池塘家鱼鱼种培育

黑河是起源于河西走廊祁连山脉的3大内陆河流之一，东风水库系黑河下游旁引屯蓄式浅水型水库，水面8．5平方千米，蓄水量达1800万米。，水质无污染，是良好的水产养殖水源。由于受自然环境影响，只有鲤鱼、鲫鱼、池沼公鱼、麦穗鱼等少部分鱼类能够在水库进行自繁自育，而青鱼、鳙、鲢、草鱼等主要经济型鱼种只能靠人工投放。

几例大水体鱼病的分析与防治方法

一、江西马钢水库鲢、鳙、鲫、鲤的细菌性出血病 基本情况：江西马钢水库为丘陵浅水型水库,面积3200亩,平均水深3～4米。2007年7月,马钢水库的鲢鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼,甚至一些野杂鱼类,如：麦穗鱼、棒花鱼、蛇鮈等都出现了全身性出血现象,

Macrobenthos Community Structure and Its Relations With Environmental Factors in Three Reservoirs in Tianjin

[Objective] The aim was to research macrobenthos community structure and its relations with environmental factors in three reservoirs. [Method] Benthic diversity and water quality of Yuqiao Reservoir, Beidagang Reservoir and Er- wangzhuang Reservoir were investigated in May, July and September 2011, respec- tively. []Result] Of all the 14 sampling sites, 22 species of macroinvertebrates were collected, totally, which included 6 species of aquatic insects, 7 species of Mollusca, 2 species of Crustacean, 7 species of Oligochaeta. The species of macroinverte- brates during May, July and September in Yuqiao reservoir were 11, 8 and 10, respectively. The dominant species were Chironomus sinicus, and Monopylephorus limosus. The average density and biomass of the macrobenthos were 132.43 ind./m2 and 50.09 g/m2. Yuqiao reservoir was mostly at status of premediate polluted, according to the Margalef index, Shannon index and Pielou index. The species of during May, July and September in Beidagang reservoir were 5 5 and 5, respectively. The dominant species were Chironomus sinicus, Penaeus vannamei. The average density and biomass of the macrobenthos were 218 ind./m2 and 2.70 g/m2. Beidagang reservoir was mostly at status of heavy polluted, accord- ing to the Margalef index, Shannon-wiener index, Pielou index. The species of during May, July and September in Erwangzhuang reservoir were 3, 5 and 5, respectively. The dominant species were Monopylephorus limosus, Chi- ronomus sinicus. The average density and biomass of the macrobenthos were 104 ind/m2 and 0.20 g/m2. Erwangzhuang reservoir was mostly at status of intermediate polluted, according to the Margalef index, Shannon index, Pielou index. The density of zoobenthos in Yuqiao Reservoir was positively significantly correlated with TP （P〉 0.05）, negatively correlated with NH4＋-N （P〉0.05）, positively correlated with COD （P〈 0.01）, not significantly correlated with other environment factors （P〉0.05）. There was no significant correlation between biomass of zoobenthos and environment factors. The density of zoobenthos in Beidagang Reservoir with NH4＋-N was positively signif- icantly correlated （P〈0.05）, not significantly correlated with other aquatic environment factors （P〉0.05）. There was no significant correlation between biomass of zoobenthos and environment factors. The density of zoobenthos in Erwangzhuang Reser- voir with NO3-N was positively significantly correlated （P〈0.05）, not significant cor- related with other aquatic environment factors （F〉0.05）. The biomass of zoobenthos in Erwangzhuang Reservoir with NH4＋-N was positively significantly correlated （P〈 0.05）, not significant correlated with other aquatic environment factors （P〉0.05）. [Conclusion] It is indicated that this three reservoirs were all eutrophied and polluted, and the eurephication extent change of water in three reservoirs is as follows： Beidagang reservoir〉Erwangzhuang reservoir〉Yuqiao reservoir.

CO_2 emission and organic carbon burial in the Xinanjiang Reservoir

In order to understand the effect of river impoundment on carbon dynamics, a large reservoir in a subtropical area, the Xinanjiang Reservoir, was investigated in detail. CO_2 emissions from the water–air interface was studied, as was organic carbon burial in sediment. The results show a significant seasonal difference in CO_2 emissions. River impoundment led to the enhancement of aquatic photosynthesis, generating large amounts of authigenic organic carbon that was then buried in sediment.

Evaluating Functions of Reservoirs'Storage Capacities and Locations on Daily Peak Attenuation for Ganjiang River Basin Using Xinanjiang Model

Flooding is the most prevalent and costly natural disaster in the world and building reservoirs is one of the major structural measures for flood control and management. In this paper, a framework was proposed to evaluate functions of reservoirs′ locations and magnitudes on daily peak flow attenuation for a large basin of China, namely Ganjiang River Basin. In this study, the Xinanjiang model was adopted to simulate inflows of the reservoirs and flood hydrographs of all sub-catchments of the basin, and simple reservoir operation rules were established for calculating outflows of the reservoirs. Four reservoirs scenarios were established to analyze reservoirs′ locations on daily peak flow attenuation. The results showed that: 1) reservoirs attenuated the peak discharges for all simulated floods, when the flood storage capacities increase as new reservoirs were built, the peak discharge attenuation by reservoirs showed an increasing tendency both in absolute and relative measures; 2) reservoirs attenuated more peak discharge relatively for small floods than for large ones; 3) reservoirs reduced the peak discharge more efficiently for the floods with single peak or multi peaks with main peak occurred first; and 4) effect of upstream reservoirs on peak attenuation decreased from upper reaches to lower reaches; upstream and midstream reservoirs played important roles in decreasing peak discharge both at middle and lower reaches, and downstream reservoirs had less effect on large peak discharge attenuation at outlet of the basin. The proposed framework of evaluating functions of multiple reservoirs′ storage capacities and locations on peak attenuation is valuable for flood control planning and management at basin scale.

Comparison of the rise of water level in the typical catchments,Three Gorges Reservoir area

Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments(catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with different areas to provide useful information to inform data extension from a gauged-catchment to an ungauged catchment. The results showed that there are seasonal changes in the dominant driving mode of the rise of the water level. The rise of the water level in March is likely mainly driven by the mode of stored-full runoff, and in September or October, it is mainly driven by Horton-flow. The correlation coefficients of all indexes were significant among the three catchments, suggesting that these catchments have similarities and that water level data extension is likely to be completed successfully between the large catchment(III-Catchment) and the small catchment(ICatchment). It was confirmed that there is good similarity between the 0.6 km^2 and 6 km^2 catchments, and the data correlation is good between the catchments with the area differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In addition, the rise processes of the water level in the catchments were not only different under the same rain conditions, but this difference could also change with the rain condition.

Projection of Water Availability in the Miyun Watershed from an RCM Simulation

Based on a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) simulation over East Asia, future climate changes over the Miyun Reservoir in the 21st century under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario are analyzed. The model simulation extends from 1951 to 2100 at a grid spacing of 25 km and is one-way nested within a global model of MIROC3.2_ hires (the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate). The focus of the analysis is on the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, the main water supply for Beijing in northern China. The results show that RegCM3 reproduces the observed temperature well but it overestimates precipitation over the region. Significant warming in the 21st century is simulated in the annual mean, December-January-February (DJF) and June-July-August (JJA), although with differences concerning the spatial distribution and magnitude. Changes in precipitation for the annual mean, DJF, and JJA also show differences. A prevailing increase of precipitation in DJF and a decrease of it in JJA is projected over the region, while little change in the annual mean is projected. Changes of the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration to measure the potential water availability are also presented in the paper.

A Distributed Soil Erosion and Sediment Transport Sub-model in Non-point Source Pollution and Its Application in Guishui Watershed

官厅水库妫水地区土壤侵蚀较为严重。为控制妫水地区的土壤流失非点源污染,本文建立了一个参数较少、便于应用的分布式土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移子模型。该模型由USLE模型和泥沙输移模型组成。首先,本研究确定了USLE中各因子的计算公式,用该模型计算土壤流失。然后,将流域概化为河网,利用曾提出的应用于经Laplace变换和逆变换求得的一维水质迁移转化方程的解中的面积汇污系数和S曲线之间的关系,推导得到了分布式泥沙输移模型。最后,从妫水河流域土壤图、土地利用图中提取地理信息,以DEM为依据,研究了该模型在妫水河流域的应用。结果表明,该模型不仅可用于研究非点源泥沙污染,而且可用于研究流域内土壤侵蚀的空间分布,为实现农业最佳管理提供科学依据。妫水流域土壤流失主要来自坡度较大、地表植被覆盖差的丘陵和山地,控制土壤流失应该将重点放在该流域内的丘陵和山地上。

Model of water-sediment regulation in Yellow River and its effect

Water-sediment regulation of the Yellow River is to regulate and control the flow and sediment transport relationship of the lower reaches through reservoirs on the main streams and tributaries to create balance between water and sediment so that sediment transport capacity of the downstream channels can be maximized,shrinking of channels be contained,and medium flood channel be restored and maintained.Many years' research by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission(YRCC) reveals the water and sediment transport relationship that will prevent sedimentation at the downstream river channels.Based on this relationship and coming sediment and water conditions in the Yellow River basin,the YRCC,with maximized use of reservoirs on the main streams and tributaries,has developed three models of water-sediment regulation:single Xiaolangdi Reservoir-dominated regulation,space scale water-sediment match,and mainstream reservoirs joint operation.Ten water-sediment regulations based on these three models have resulted in an average drop of 1.5 m in the main channel of the downstream 800 km river and an increase of carrying capacity from 1800 to 4000 m3/s.Besides,the wetland ecosystems of estuarine delta has also been improved and restored significantly.

Effect of total phosphorous pollution on cavitation pressure characteristics of working water used in turbines

Many experiments have proven that with increasing silt and gas(out-of-phase media)content in water,the cavitation characteristics change and the cavitation pressure increases.Currently,many large reservoirs in China are polluted by total phosphorus(TP)and other chemical contaminants because of the use of phosphate fertilizer runoff from agriculture.However,research regarding how chemical pollutants(in the form of out-of-phase media)affect the cavitation pressure characteristics of water is sparse.In this paper,the Goupitan Hydropower Station,the largest hydropower reservoir on the Wujiang River,which is heavily polluted by TP,is taken as an example to evaluate the effects of chemical pollution on water cavitation pressure characteristics.In this study,the cavitation pressure characteristics of polluted and clean water are compared.The results show that the cavitation pressure of water polluted by chemicals is larger than that of clean water.In a hydraulic power generation system,cavitation and cavitation erosion are likely to occur earlier in runners when the fluid is polluted.These results are of great importance to further studies of cavitation theory and can directly influence the arrangement of turbines in practical engineering.