赣东层状公路滑坡水岩机制分析

江西赣东地区2018年10月至2019年7月期间持续阴雨气候,省道S206资洵线沿线资溪县境内分布了大量的砂岩尧页岩尧泥岩混层的边坡,且边坡为顺层倾向,本身不利的地质条件加上长期的雨水浸泡尧侵蚀,在水-岩长期作用下,混层的层状岩体由坚硬状态到可塑,直到流塑状态.本文以乌石地段的滑坡为例,对混层岩体组成的层状边坡在水岩机制作用下的变形破坏规律及采取的相应滑坡处理对策做出阐述.

弱胶结砂岩水岩作用机制--以庆阳北石窟为例

选取庆阳北石窟赋存砂岩为研究对象,于室内分别设置冻融循环、干湿循环两组单因素风化模拟试验,经历30个周期,共计120 d.结合岩样在宏观、局部、微观等不同维度下的劣化特征及表层矿物成分与元素的迁移规律对水岩作用机制全程跟踪评估.试验结果表明:在模拟试验前期,水-岩之间化学作用强烈,两组试验化学蚀变系数均发生陡增;随着试验继续,水-岩之间物理作用逐渐变强,冻融循环转为水体积膨胀对颗粒施加的拉、压应力作用,且率先在含水率最高处诱发裂隙.而干湿循环变为水对颗粒结构的机械冲刷,该过程则受水分运移及孔隙分布方式的共同支配;对于弱胶结砂岩,水-岩频繁作用导致的颗粒耦合关系改变是岩石劣化的关键.

压缩荷载下饱和硬岩软化特性与机制研究

环境中的水与岩石的相互作用易导致岩石物理力学性能劣化,即岩石水软化现象。目前,饱和硬岩的水软化特性研究尚不完善,明确各种水岩作用机制的存在条件和作用程度仍是一项挑战性的任务。以不同矿物成分和微结构的典型硬岩(宝兴大理岩、锦屏大理岩、灰岩)为研究对象,进行干燥、饱和状态下3种硬岩的单轴压缩试验和声发射试验,分析硬岩压缩强度、弹性模量、破裂形态等力学特性和声发射波形信号主频统计特征,并探讨了水岩作用机制之孔隙水压力的存在条件和作用程度。结果表明:硬岩饱和后,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均减小,张拉裂纹和张拉破坏面增多。硬岩破坏的声发射信号表现为明显的、与岩石类型和含水状态无关的双主频特征。硬岩饱和后,声发射高主频带波形信号明显减少,低主频带波形信号显著增加。孔隙水压力是3种饱和硬岩性能劣化的主导因素,其作用强弱与声发射低主频信号多少存在对应关系,且取决于岩石的矿物成分和孔隙结构。

Nonlinear coupling analysis of coal seam floor during mining based on FLAC^3D

Based on the hydro-geological conditions of 1028 mining face in Suntuan Coal Mine, mining seepage strain mechanism of seam floor was simulated by a nonlinear coupling method, which applied fluid-solid coupling analysis module of FLAC^3D. The results indicate that the permeability coefficient of adjoining rock changes a lot due to mining. The maximum value reaches 1 379.9 times to the original value, where it is at immediate roof of the mined-out area. According to the analysis on the seepage field, mining does not destroy water resistance of the floor aquiclude. The mining fissure does not conduct lime-stone aquifer, and it is less likely to form damage. The plastic zone does not exactly correspond to the seepage area, and the scope of the altered seepage area is much larger than the plastic zone.

Formation mechanism of reservoir oolitic dolomite in Lower Triassic Feixianguan formation, northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwest China

A series of marine natural gas fields were recently discovered in oolitic dolomites of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan formation, northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwest China. The mechanism forming these reservoir dolomites is debatable, limiting the ability to characterize these reservoir successfully. Based on the investigation of the representative Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, and Puguang areas, this issue was addressed by examining the distribution, petrology, and geochemistry of the dolomites, the most comprehensive study to date was provided. Dolomitization occurred at a very early stage of diagenesis, as shown by the petrological features of the rock fabric. Vadose silt, which is composed primarily of dolomitic clasts, is found in the primary and secondary pores of the oolitic dolomite. This indicates that the overlying strata were subjected to dolomitization when the Feixianguan formation was located in the vadose zone. Therefore, it may be inferred that the dolomitization which occurred before the formation was exposed to meteoric conditions. The spatial distribution and geochemical characteristics of the dolomite indicate that dolomitization occurred as a result of seepage reflux. The degree of dolomitization decreases with increasing distance from the evaporative lagoon. Furthermore, the type and porosity of the dolomite vary in different zones of the upward-shoaling sequence, with the porosity gradually decreasing from the highest layer to the lowest layer. This reflects a close relationship between dolomitization and seawater evaporation during the formation of the dolomite. Geochemical analysis provided further evidence for the relationship between the dolomitization fluid and the coeval seawater. The 87Sr/86Sr and 813C isotopes, as well as the abundances of trace elements, Fe and Mn, indicate that seawater concentrated by evaporation acted as the dolomitization fluid. These results also show that dolomitization most likely occurred in a semi-closed diagenetic environment. Therefore, the main mechanism of oolitic dolomite formation is seepage reflux, which occurred at an early stage of diagenesis.

Crack propagation mechanism of compression-shear rock under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure

To reveal the water inrush mechanics of underground deep rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbance such as blasting, compression-shear rock crack initiation rule and the evolution of crack tip stress intensity factor are analyzed under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure on the basis of theoretical deduction and experimental research. It is shown that the major influence factors of the crack tip stress intensity factor are seepage pressure, dynamic load, static stress and crack angle. The existence of seepage water pressure aggravates propagation of branch cracks. With the seepage pressure increasing, the branch crack experiences unstable extension from stable propagation. The dynamic load in the direction of maximum main stress increases type I crack tip stress intensity factor and its influence on type II crack intensity factor is related with crack angle and material property. Crack initiation angle changes with the dynamic load. The initial crack initiation angle of type I dynamic crack fracture is 70.5°. The compression-shear crack initial strength is related to seepage pressure, confining pressure, and dynamic load. Experimental results verify that the initial crack strength increases with the confining pressure increasing, and decreases with the seepage pressure increasing.

Analysis on mechanism and key factors of surrounding rock instability in deeply inclined roadway affected by argillation and water seepage

Based on the characteristics of surrounding rocks for deeply inclined roadway affected by argillation and water seepage, a structure model of layer crack plate was established to analyze the shear sliding instability mechanism. Through solid mechanics analysis of anchored surrounding rock with defect from water seepage, combined with numerical analysis for instability mechanism under water seepage in deeply inclined roadway, key factors were proposed. Results show that with increasing height of layer crack plate, lateral buckling critical load value for high wall of the roadway decreases; there is a multistage distribution for tensile stress along the anchor bolt with defect under pulling state condition;groundwater seepage seriously affects the strength of surrounding rock of the roadway, to some extent the plastic zone of the high side rises up to 8 m. Finally some support strategies were proposed for the inclined roadway and successfully applied to Haoyuan coal mine in Tiela mining area,western China.

Formation mechanisms of water inrush and mud burst in a migmatite tunnel：a case study in China

This paper presents a case study of water inrush and mud burst occurring in a migmatite tunnel to study its formation mechanisms. The geological investigation and mineralogical analysis showed that water inrush and mud burst in the migmatite was closely related to the component of the host rock. High content of soluble minerals,e.g.,calcite and dolomite,would make the migmatite rock prone to be fragmentized,isintegrated and eventually form different sorts of connected or semi-connected veins. The field exploration revealed most cavities in the magmatite tunnel were eroded by groundwater and formed large interconnected networks. The two faults and the dike in the magmatite tunnel became the preferred paths and provided great convenience for plenty of precipitation and mud slurry. Due to high water pressure and blast disturbance,the cavities can soon connect each other as well as all sorts of veins,forming a complex ground channel for water inrush and mud burst. To estimate the potential occurrenceof water inrush and mud burst,the water bursting coefficient was employed. The results showed the water bursting coefficient of the magmatite tunnel was much bigger than the threshold values and it can be used to explain the accident of water inrush and mud burst occurring in the magmatite tunnel.

Advances in interaction mechanism of water(gas) on clay minerals in China

Dealing with large-scale deformations in soft-rock tunnels is a very important issue in soft-rock tunnel engineering. The mechanism of this large-scale deformation is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of soft rock, interaction between soft rock and water, and interaction between soft rock and gas contained in soft rock. In order to gain a better predictive understanding of the governing principles associated with this phenomenon, we used experimental and theoretical methods to study the effects of point defect on physical and chemical properties of soft rock and mechanism of interaction between water(gas) and soft rock. Firstly, we calculated the impurity formation energies and transition energy levels of defects by using the first-principle calculation, the results showed the microscopic mechanism of defects substitution in kaolinite and effects of defects on the structure of kaolinite. Moreover,comparing the experimental and theoretical results, we found the mechanism of interaction between water and soft rock. The results show that water is one of the most important factors which can induce various kinds of geological disasters. At last, the interaction between soft rock and surrounding gas as CO2, CH4 and CO is disused, the influence of surrounding gas on soft rock should not be ignored.

弱胶结砂岩细观结构特征与变形破坏机制研究及应用

以弱胶结砂岩为研究对象,采用胶结砂岩细观结构试验、宏观岩石力学实验、理论分析和数值模拟等技术手段,研究了弱胶结砂岩的矿物成分和细观结构特征及其对静力学和动力学性能的影响;揭示了弱胶结砂岩水岩相互作用机制及对渗透特性的影响;建立了弱胶结砂岩重整化模型,揭示了弱胶结砂岩受力变形破坏过程中的类相变临界状态并建立了相应判别条件,并对弱胶结砂岩的类相变临界状态及判别特征进性了充分阐述;基于弱胶结砂岩受力加载变形破坏过程的类相变临界现象及其物理意义,分析了弱胶结地层中巷道开挖互相扰动特性,并对弱胶结围岩支护提出了有效的主动支护对策。本课题主要取得以下研究成果与进展:(1)弱胶结砂岩从细观结构分析主要以颗粒物质和胶结物质在压实和胶结作用下形成的胶结结构;弱胶结砂岩的矿物组成成分、颗粒几何形态、颗粒接触状态及颗粒组成的结构体对其宏观力学性质有决定性的影响。(2)弱胶结砂岩的边界荷载发生变化时,弱胶结砂岩颗粒间作用力随之发生变化,造成胶结砂岩颗粒体系细观结构的变化;弱胶结砂岩胶结物质的强度低,在较低的冲击能量下破坏程度较高。(3)弱胶结砂岩颗粒间黏土胶结物质遇水泥化、膨胀以及其高孔隙率致使水溶蚀破坏矿物集合体的胶结机制,弱胶结砂岩剪切断面形貌粗糙度和起伏度降低,破坏过程中声发射事件计数率和能量计数率都随之降低。(4)弱胶结砂岩在受力加载变形破坏过程中存在一个类相变临界状态,即胶结颗粒发生由连续状态到离散状态的转化过程;弱胶结砂岩胶结度的差异,导致了达到类相变临界状态时对应的临界应力和临界应变也不相同,破坏状态也不相同;弱胶结砂岩在受力加载过程中接近类相变临界状态时,试件对振动或者扰动异常敏感,微小的应变(35)e极易导致弱胶结弱胶结砂岩达到类相变临界状态,即弱胶结砂岩内部胶结颗粒发生连续到离散类相变转化过程。而(35)e取决于颗粒矿物成分、弱胶结砂岩成岩过程中的颗粒压实特性及胶结物质胶结特性、胶结物质含量等细观结构因素,即取决于弱胶结砂岩的胶结度。(5)在弱胶结地层中进行工程挖时,应积极采取主动支护且支护强度保证围岩受力状态维持在类相变临界状态以前是弱胶结砂岩支护对策的核心思想,并提出了合理的主动支护措施。

Crystal fractionation of granitic magma during its non-transport processes： A physics-based perspective

Granitic continental crust distinguishes the Earth from other planets in the Solar System. Consequently, for understanding terrestrial continent development, it is of great significance to investigate the formation and evolution of granite.Crystal fractionation is one of principal magma evolution mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether crystal fractionation can effectively proceed in felsic magma systems because of the high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior associated with granitic magmas. In this paper, we focus on the physical processes and evaluate the role of crystal fractionation in the evolution of granitic magmas during non-transport processes, i.e., in magma chambers and after emplacement. Based on physical calculations and analyses, we suggest that general mineral particles can settle only at tiny speed(~10^(-9)–10^(-7) m s^(-1))in a granitic magma body due to high viscosity of the magma; however, the cumulating can be interrupted with convection in magma chambers, and the components of magma chambers will tend to be homogeneous. Magma convection ceases once the magma chamber develops into a mush(crystallinity, F>~40–50%). The interstitial melts can be extracted by hindered settling and compaction, accumulating gradually and forming a highly silicic melt layer. The high silica melts can further evolve into high-silica granite or high-silica rhyolite. At various crystallinities, multiple rejuvenation of the mush and the following magma intrusion may generate a granite complex with various components. While one special type of granites, represented by the South China lithium-and fluoride-rich granite, has lower viscosity and solidus relative to general granitic magmas, and may form vertical zonation in mineral-assemblage and composition through crystal fractionation. Similar fabrics in general intrusions that show various components on small lengthscales are not the result of gravitational settling. Rather, the flowage differentiation may play a key role. In general, granitic magma can undergo effective crystal fractionation; high-silica granite and volcanics with highly fractionated characteristics may be the products of crystal fractionation of felsic magmas, and many granitoids may be cumulates.

Experimental study on formation mechanism of compaction bands in weathered rocks with high porosity

Since Mollema and Antonellini observed compaction bands in the field in 1996,different patterns of compaction bands have been found in laboratory experiments.There are some discrepancies between the laboratory experiments and the field observations:compared to the field observation,the stress levels required to induce compaction bands in laboratory experiments are usually higher than the inferred in the field,and the grain crushing are more intense in the laboratory experiments.In this paper,compaction bands were observed at the maximal principal stresses below 8 MPa,which is lower than the stress level inferred in the field,and there was no severe comminution inside the compaction bands.Experimental results indicate that the porosity and confining pressure have great impacts on the types of localization bands.Lower porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of shear bands and high-angle shear bands.Higher porosity and confining pressure can promote the growth of discrete compaction bands.Intermediate porosity and confining pressure are favorable for the growth of hybrid modes involving two of the three,i.e.,discrete compaction band,diffuse compaction band and high-angle shear band.The formation of discrete compaction bands is more unstable compared to diffuse compaction bands.The two types of compaction bands can appear in the same type rocks,and diffuse compaction bands are formed under lower confining pressure compared to discrete compaction bands.The reduction of permeability was within 2 orders of magnitude in this study,and it is 2 3 orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by other researchers.