社会工作师职业水平考试的内容效度研究

从2008—2021年,社会工作师职业水平考试(简称社工师考试)已实施了14年,累计约20万人获得了相关证书。为了评估该权威性考试的内容效度,文章以布卢姆的教育目标分类学体系以及安德森对该体系的修订版本作为框架,采用量化的内容分析方法,对2008—2021年该考试三门科目(《社会工作综合能力(中级)》《社会工作实务(中级)》《社会工作法规与政策》)考题所考察的知识类型和认知过程进行量化研究。结果表明,社工师考试主要考察的是陈述性知识(社会工作理论知识)而非程序性知识(社会工作实务知识);社工师考试考察最多的是“记忆”这类层次较低的认知过程,而忽视了对更高级认知过程(如分析、评价、应用等)的考察。所以社工师考试实际所考察内容与其所欲考察内容之间的契合度(内容效度)有待提升。

侵华战争期间水平社的战争责任——以部落民移民中国东北为中心

被歧视部落民是日本近代社会中遭受压迫程度最沉重的群体之一,在日本对外侵略扩张的进程中,驱赶部落民移民到本土以外的设想得到进一步实施。侵华战争全面爆发后,部落解放运动组织水平社沦为天皇制法西斯政府的政治工具,协助推动部落民移民中国东北,煽动他们参与殖民统治与侵略战争。20世纪80年代之后,日本学者开始关注与思考水平社协助侵略战争的加害责任,其中进步派与保守派对战争责任的认识存在着分歧与争论,对其整体情况的把握有利于全方位研究日本侵华史,深层次认识日本战争责任论的复杂性。

中国助理社会工作师职业水平考试有效性研究——基于2008-2019年国家真题的分析

从2008年起,中国助理社会工作师职业水平考试已12年,累计约160万人参加了该考试,约40万人获得了证书。近两年,每年参加考试的更是多达30万人。作为一项权威性极强的考试,其导向直接影响到我国社会工作者拥有的专业知识体系。为系统地评估该考试的有效性(效度),本研究采用内容分析和问卷调查的方法,对2008—2019年该考试的考题内容及其分布以及两门考试科目(《社会工作综合能力》《社会工作实务》)边界的清晰性进行了实证的量化研究。结果表明:(1)该考试的理论知识倾向悖离社会工作考试的实务能力测验的初衷;(2)尽管该考试的考题在内容分布从总体上来说比较合理,但某些年份还是存在某些内容模块的考题数量过多或过少的情况;(3)两门科目的边界不太清晰。这表明,中国助理社会工作师考试命题的有效性有待提升。

语言环境也是一种投资环境

本文从考察广东社会语用状况入手，探讨语言行为与经济行为的关系；从外语环境、民族共同语普及、语文规范化、语言文明等不同角度，分析了社会语言环境对繁荣市场、促进社会现代化、树立区域经济开放形象的意义，从而提出“语言环境也是一种投资环境”的论断。作者呼吁，在新一轮经济增长中加大包括语言环境在内的投资软环境建设的力度，重视广东社会语用建设。

Measuring coordination of economy-society and resource-environment based on major function oriented zoning: a case study of Pearl River Delta

A reasonable coordination degree assessment of the social-economic development level and the resource-environment quality level are essential to ident the key factory of the development, and vital to determine the appropriate development strategy and achieve sustainable development. The major function oriented zoning plays a role in spatial coordination mainly＇ by spatial guidance and restriction, so. the proposal of major function oriented zoning gives a new train of thought to generate a coordination evaluation of economy-society and the resource-environment system, From the view of major function oriented zoning that considers resource environmental bearing capacity, existing development density and development potential, this paper constructs an index system and model of coordination evahtation with a case study on Pearl River Delta. The results have shown： （I） It can reveal the conflicts of economic-social development and resource-environment quality to ac- curately consider resource environmental bearing capacity, existing development densio~ and development po- tential; （2） The coordination degree between social-economy system and resource-environment system in Pearl River Delta continued to decline in the past 10 years. The spatial extent of coordination evoh,es.from coordina- tion in the whole Pearl River Delta to imbalance in the core areas, and at present, the uncoordinated areas have already diffused from core areas to the outlying regions： （3） Most regions of the Pearl River Delta are in uncoordinated condition When considering the coordination degree of economic-social development and resollrceenvironment quality, not as coordinated as some scholars considered.

Acidophilic bacterial community reflecting pollution level of sulphide mine impacted by acid mine drainage

To reveal the impact of mining on bacterial ecology around mining area,bacterial community and geochemical characteristics about Dabaoshan Mine(Guangdong Province,China)were studied.By amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and phylogenetic analysis,it is found that mining pollution greatly impacts the bacterial ecology and makes the habitat type of polluted environments close to acid mine drainage(AMD)ecology.The polluted environment is acidified so greatly that neutrophil and alkaliphilic microbes are massively dead and decomposed.It provided organic matters that can make Acidiphilium sp.rapidly grow and become the most bacterial species in this niche.Furthermore,Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum sp.are also present in this niche.The amount of Leptospirillum sp.is far more than that of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,which indicates that the concentration of toxic ions is very high.The conclusions of biogeochemical analysis and microbiological monitor are identical. Moreover,because the growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum sp.depends on ferrous iron or inorganic redox sulfur compounds which can be supplied by continual AMD,their presence indicates that AMD still flows into the site.And the area is closer to the outfalls of AMD,their biomasses would be more.So the distinction of their biomasses among different areas can help us to find the effluent route of AMD.

Does Family Planning Increase Children's Income?

Whether the generation affected by the family planning will benefi t directly is the key to test whether the policy implications are the same to collective and individual.There are researches on the family planning's consequences are usually in the macro-level.In order to discovery how family planning directly affects the individual,this paper use micro data from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) 2010 to test the impact of family planning on children's personal income.The results shows that"quantity-quality tradeoff"hypothesis holds on human capital levels in China,and the implementation of family planning policy effectively increases children's education level,but the social capital effect of siblings is also reduced by the family planning policy.Considering the two kinds of effects,the family planning policy has not signifi cantly affect children's personal income.

Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow of Dongliao River Watershed in Jilin Province,China

The impacts of future climate change on streamflow of the Dongliao River Watershed located in Jilin Prov-ince, China have been evaluated quantitatively by using a general circulation model （HadCM3） coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） hydrological model. The model was calibrated and validated against the historical monitored data from 2005 to 2009. The streamflow was estimated by downscaling HadCM3 outputs to the daily mean temperature and precipitation series, derived for three 30-year time slices, 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Results suggest that daily mean temperature increases with a changing rate of 0.435~C per decade, and precipitation decreases with a changing rate of 0.761 mm per decade. Compared with other seasons, the precipitation in summer shows significant downward trend, while a significant upward trend in autumn. The annual streamflow demonstrates a general down-ward trend with a decreasing rate of 0.405 m^3/s per decade. The streamflow shows significant downward and upward trends in summer and in autumn, respectively. The decreasing rate of streamflow in summer reaches 1.97 m^3/s per decade, which contributes primarily to the decrease of streamflow. The results of this work would be of great benifit to the design of economic and social development planning in the study area.

Strategic Analysis on the Harmonious Regional Development of the Chinese Population Health

Since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented in China, the development of China＇ s medical and health undertakings has been very significant along with the rapid development of economy, and the people＇ s health level is steadily improved and the life expectancy is on the top list in the developing world. However, there are remarkable health differences among urban and rural areas, different regions, and small, medium-sized and large cities. In this paper, on the basis of the healthy social economic decision theory, the characteristics and causes of the regional difference between China＇ s residents in the health level are systematically analyzed, and then the strategies for the harmonious regional development of the Chinese population health are deeply discussed.

Escaping Low-Level Equilibrium of Urbanization——Institutional Promotion,Social Interaction and Labor Migration

The policies resulting in urban-rural segmentation have not only directly impeded the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas,but also trapped the process of urbanization in a low-level equilibrium,as the negative effects are amplified by interdependencies between interpersonal decisions.This paper finds from the CHIPS2002 data that there is interdependence of rural residents' decision-making on labor migration from rural to urban areas,and the interdependence is strengthened by the exchange of information between rural residents.According to the simulation results of the models in this paper,China's rural-urban labor migration is indeed at a low-level equilibrium.To get rid of the low-level equilibrium,in addition to improving the level of education and promotion of information exchange among rural residents,it is more important to implement "big push " policies to eliminate institutional barriers to labor mobility and accelerate urbanization with the social interaction.

An Investigation of Iranian Students＇ English Proficiency Test Scores in Relation to Socio-Economic Status and Gender

Every day many students apply for and enroll in language-teaching courses to achieve their aims through learning another language. However, learning another language does not occur identically among all students. Some students learn a language, even their own mother tongue earlier but some others may need to spend more time acquiring a language. Seeking out for the probable reasons for such a difference, the current study following the constructivist approach to language learning and bearing in mind the role of society and human communities in language learning, was concluded to investigate the probable impact（s） of some social variables （social status, attitudinal and motivational status of learners） on language learning outcomes of Iranian adult learners assessed through a standardized English proficiency test. The findings have revealed that the social milieu in which learners live may play a decisive role as far as learning opportunities, input and resources are concerned.

Assessment of Groundwater Recharge from Rainfall in the Plain of Cai Phan Rang, Vietnam

This paper presents the quantitative assessment results of rainwater supply to groundwater in Cai Phan Rang River basin, Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. In order to obtain the results, the authors developed two experimental areas with 10 wells which were monitored in one year to assess the infiltration supply of rainwater to groundwater. The results of this research assessed the amount of rainwater infiltrates into groundwater varies from 307.16-314.98 tam·year^-1, average is 311 mm·year^-1. The findings are significant in terms of science which identify sources of groundwater storage from the infiltration supply of rainwater. The findings are also practical in suggesting measures to reserve groundwater for the purpose of socio-economic development in the study area.

The Research for Sustainble Poverty Reduction in Khmer Ethnic Community

The research for sustainable poverty reduction for Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province was conducted by the use of statistic approach, the current situation of poor households of Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province, the interview with 300 Khmer households living in seven districts and cities of Tra Vinh province. Research findings show that there are a number of factors affecting the income of Khmer households, including the career of householders, the level of education, the ratio of dependants, living experience of the householders, the land square area, people＇s participation in different festivals; the number of household members, the number of activities for income and the gender of the householders. Of all the factors, occupation, level of education, and the ratio of dependants are considered to have the biggest influence on the income of Khmer ethnic people in Tra Vinh province.

Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Levels of Knowledge in Soil Fertility Management in the Central Highlands of Kenya

This study aimed to first assess knowledge levels of the farmers in the use of manure, fertilizer and combinations of manure and fertilizer and secondly to identify the socioeconomic factors influencing the levels of knowledge in the use of animal manure, inorganic fertilizers and combination of animal manure and inorganic fertilizers in Meru South, Maara and Mbeere South districts of the central highlands of Kenya. Data were collected from a random sample of 300 households through face to face interviews using an interview schedule. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. Results showed that 75% and 73% of the respondents had high levels of knowledge in use of manure and fertilizers, respectively, while 43% of the respondents had moderate levels of knowledge in the use of manure ＋ fertilizers. Age of the household head （HHH） training in the use of animal manure and group membership significantly influenced household levels of knowledge in use of animal manure. In regard to levels of knowledge on fertilizer use, group membership, age of the HHH and total farm size were important explanatory variables while gender of the HHH, household size, training on manure ＋ fertilizers, group membership and total farm size were important in influencing the levels of knowledge in use of manure ＋ fertilizers. The implication of these results is that training and belonging to a group enhances level of knowledge on soil fertility management and development, so workers should focus on these two aspects.

The Positive Effects of Preschool Education in the Socialization and Learning of Children

The purpose of this study is to highlight the positive effects that the attendance of preschool education has on the soclanzauon and on the learning level of children. They are related with the kind of preschool education that the child attends, with the area where the child lives, with the education level of the parents, with the way how the learning process is realized in the kindergarten. Five hundred （500） first graders of the city of Durres are chosen. Parents and teachers will be part of the study only after taking the consent from RIE （Regional Institute of Education）. The completed surveys from the parents will create us an idea of the situation how they experience this and what their expectations regarding their children are. Surveillance will be another important method that will be used to give the conclusion of this study. Children will be watched during spontaneous and one-hour made situations. Statistical data from the two groups of children and parents tests will help us prove how visible the positive effects of attending the preschool education on the performance children show during first grade are. At the end of the study, it will be asked to prove that the attendance of preschool education in specialized institutions has positive effects on the development children show in the first grade in the two targets which we have chosen to study.

Effects of the Ganning Formula (肝宁方) on Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Ganning formula (肝宁方) for the treatment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: In a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 150 patients with liver fibrosis secondary to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were randomly assigned in equal numbers to receive either the Ganning formula (a Chinese herbal decoction; active treatment group) or oral entecavir (control group) for two 3-month courses. Patients were monitored for any treatment-induced changes in liver function test parameters (ALT, AST, and GGT), liver fibrosis markers (LN, HA, IV-C, and PCIII), HBV DNA level, hepatosplenic imaging, quality of life scores, or psychological and social functioning scores. Patients were also observed for any adverse effects. Results: After treatment, patients in both groups experienced significant improvements in liver function, HBV DNA load, hepatosplenic B-mode ultrasonography, quality of life, and psychological and social functioning (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Patients receiving the Ganning formula achieved greater improvements in HA, IV-C, quality of life, and psychological and social functioning compared with those on entecavir (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were no abnormal changes in blood tests, urine, feces, renal function, or electrocardiogram. Additionally, no adverse effects were observed in any patients in either group. Conclusions: The Ganning formula appears to have the potential to inhibit liver fibrosis and therefore improve liver function by inhibiting HBV replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Additionally, this formula is helpful in improving quality of life and psychological and social functioning.

Fatal motorcycle accidents in Fars Province, Iran： a com- munity-based survey

Objective： To identify the main character- istics of victims of motorcycle accidents in Fars Province, Iran. Methods： This cross-sectional study was conducted in Fars Province which has the fourth largest population of all 31 provinces in Iran from March 2009 to June 2010. We included data from all 542 recorded cases of fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents. Data were recorded from the foren- sic medicine registry consisting of demographic and acci- dent-related information. Demographic information con- sisted of name, age, sex, status of fatal victim （motorcycle driver vs passenger） and educational level. Results： Of the 2 345 autopsy records from the foren- sic medicine archives, 542 （23.1%） gave the cause of death as motor vehicle accidents. Mean age of these victims was （31.4±16.5） years, and the male to female ratio was 28. Head injury was the most common cause of death in these victims, and overall they tended to have a low level of education. Motorcycle accidents frequently involved younger age groups （15-35 years）, and head trauma related with non-use of a helmet was the most common cause of death. Conclusions： Head injury is frequent among victims in the province we studied. This situation may be related to the victims＇ low socioeconomic status and little education regarding traffic laws leading to speeding and disregard of these laws along with their weak enforcement.

Empirical Analysis on Chinese Urban Residents＇ Behavior＇s Differences in Different income -a SAM Multiplier Analysis

Based on SAM Multiplier theory, this paper discloses the structural characteristics of Chinese Urban Residents＇ Consumption. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, economic development in different sectors is unbalanced and especially consumption insufficiency is emerging; secondly, the effects of households by income group on the commodities are different; thirdly, consumption capability of Chinese urban residents is in the stage of durable consumable, but the highest income group is swifting to the higher stage and households with low income are entering the stage; finally, Chinese clothing, service and information industries have huge potential to develop while the latent demands are scarcity for that of the food, resident and education, cultural and entertainment industries.

Consistent individual differences in fathering in threespined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

There is growing evidence that individual animals show consistent differences in behavior. For example, individual threespined stickleback fish differ in how they react to predators and how aggressive they are during social interactions with con- specifics. A relatively unexplored but potentially important axis of variation is parental behavior. In sticklebacks, fathers provide all of the parental care that is necessary for offspring survival; therefore paternal care is directly tied to fitness. In this study, we assessed whether individual male sticklebacks differ consistently from each other in parental behavior. We recorded visits to nest, total time fanning, and activity levels of 11 individual males every day throughout one clutch, and then allowed the males to breed again. Half of the males were exposed to predation risk while parenting during the first clutch, and the other half of the males ex- perienced predation risk during the second clutch. We detected dranlatic temporal changes in parental behaviors over the course of the clutch： for example, total time fanning increased six-fold prior to eggs hatching, then decreased to approximately zero. De- spite these temporal changes, males retained their individually-distinctive parenting styles within a clutch that could not be ex- plained by differences in body size or egg mass. Moreover, individual differences in parenting were maintained when males re- produced for a second time. Males that were exposed to simulated predation risk briefly decreased fanning and increased activity levels. Altogether, these results show that individual sticklebacks consistently differ from each other in how they behave as parents [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 45-52, 2012].