清代黄河水位量测与洪灾预警制度运作

历史上的水位量测不仅反映了当时水文科技水平,更是灾害应对中一个重要环节。基于对清代黄河陕州万锦滩长时段的水志记录特征识别,及对水志报汛传递体系和黄河防汛管理制度运作的辨析,认为水志报汛体系是传统社会自然灾害积极预警行为的具体表现方式,清代黄河河务管理中细致的修防规定、明确的任务和具体实施措施,深刻揭示了清代黄河流域自然-社会系统中"风险意识-响应方式-环境安全"三者之间的时空协同关系。

Mapping of S-b Locus for F_1 Pollen Sterility in Cultivated Rice Using PCR Based Markers

In cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.), F-1 pollen sterility is controlled by at least 6 loci of the F, pollen sterility genes. To map S-b, one of loci, rice variety Taichung 65 (T65) carrying S-b(j)/S-b(j) and its near-isogenic line TIST2 carrying S-b(i)/S-b(i) were used to develop the mapping population. One hundred and fifty-eight microsatellite markers were selected to survey T65 and TISL2. RM13 on chromosome 5 was found to be polymorphic between them. Cosegregation indicated that RM13 was closely linked with locus S-b. Eleven RFLP markers were selected on the corresponding region from the genetic map of Rice Genome Research Program (RGP) of Japan to convert into sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. Amplicon length polymorphism (ALP) was carried out, but none of them was found to be polymorphic between T65 and TISL2. Then PCR-based RFLP (PBR) was done using six 4-nucleotide recognizing restriction endonucleases. Polymorphism was detected when PCR products of R830STS and R2213SSTS were digested with Taq I. Genetic analysis indicated that the distance between locus S-b and markers, R830STS, RM13 and R2213SSTS were 3.3 cM (centi-Morgan), 5.2 cM and 5.5 cM, respectively. These PCR-based markers could be directly used in marker-assisted selection. The technical system combining genetic mapping and PCR-based marker-assisted selection will facilitate the development of molecular breeding.

Identification Signs and Prospects of Hydrate Gas

Gas hydrate is a kind of icy crystal body formed by water and natural gas in special conditions. The discovery of gas hydrates provides a wide sphere and a new way of thinking for finding clean and effective energy resources to replace increasingly exhausted traditional energy resources. Moreover, in our country there are a wide realm and bright prospect in the exploration of gas hydrate. This paper has summarized the progress on the study of gas hydrate. And based on the former research about gas hydrates, the integrative identification signs of gas hydrates were summarized in the aspects of seismic data, geophysical well logging, sedimentary and rock, geochemistry, topography and morphology. In the end, the author hopes it may provide some useful clues to the exploration of gas hydrate.

Optimization of environmental maintenance system used in a refuge chamber

Mine refuge chambers are used to shield miners who fail to escape from the mine when incidents occur. Environment maintaining system plays a key role in stabilizing thermal environment of a mine refuge chamber against heat emitted from metabolism and transferred from outside. The safety and comfort of refugees are closely related to the environment maintaining system design. In order to improve the comfort of refugees, optimization on the environment maintaining system has been done based on the previous work. To evaluate the environment of the chamber, eight volunteers were involved into the experiment. Under close observation and safety protection, they lived in a heat-isolated test chamber for 106 hours. The volunteers were asked to maintain low level of activities to simulate refugees＇ situation. It shows that the environment maintaining system worked well and the temperature, relative humidity and emitted harmful air content such as CO2 and CO were all kept in the safety level, and no discomfort was felt by volunteers at all.

Evaluation of CA125 and NT-proBNP values in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation （TAVI） is a minimally invasive, emerging therapy in surgically high risk, or in- operable patients. Parameters used for risk classification have some deficiencies in the selection of patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of TAVI on carbohydrate antigen 125 （CA125） and N-terminal pro brain-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） as biomarkers that have been used frequently in recent years, and also the relationship of these biomarkers to prognosis. Methods ＆ Results Transcatheter aortic valve implantation was practiced on 31 patients in this study. Then, CA125 and NT-proBNP levels studied in patients prior to and after the TAVI were evaluated. The patients were also grouped in accordance with their left ventrieular ejection fraction （LVEF） and CA125 levels （LVEF 〉 40% and 〈 40%; CA125 ≤ 35 U/L and 〉 35 U/L）. The TAVI operation was successfully performed in all patients. There was no in-hospital mortality and substantial improvement in functional capacity was detected at follow ups. In addition, a statistically significant decrease was detected in post-TAVI CA 125 and NT-proBNP levels of all patients （CA 125 83.8 ± 18.1 U/L vs. 64.3 ±14.2 U/L, P = 0.008; NT-proBNP： 4633.6± 627.6 pg/mL vs. 2866.3±536.8 pg/mL, P 〈 0.001）. In groups divided according to the CA125 levels, there was also statistically significant post-TAVI decline in CA125 levels. Within CA125 〉 35 U/L and LVEF 〈 40% groups, the permanent need for a pacemaker was required in one （3.2%） patient and mortality was observed in two （6.4%） patients after TAVI at follow up. Conclusions The results show that TAVI can be performed effectively and reliably in patients with high baseline levels of CA125 and NT-proBNP. These biomarkers are reduced substantially with TAVI, while high biomarker levels are associated with undesired events, and certainly, these biomarkers can be used for risk classifications in patient selection for TAVI.

关于森林生态功能评价的探讨

森林生态功能是无形的，无法通过市场交换实现其价值，但是森林生态功能既有营林成本，又是营林收入，需要对其进行正确评价．该文就森林生态功能评价的意义、评价指标和评价方法做扼要论述，以朱亭小流域为例对森林涵养水源、保护土壤、纳碳释氧等生态功能进行评价，并对森林生态功能评价存在的问题提出几点看法。

Adjusting CA19-9 values to predict malignancy in obstructive jaundice:Influence of bilirubin and C-reactive protein

AIM:To find a possible relationship between inflammation and CA19-9 tumor marker by analyzing data from patients with benign jaundice(BJ) and malignant jaundice(MJ).METHODS:All patients admitted for obstructive jaundice,in the period 2005-2009,were prospectively enrolled in the study,obtaining a total of 102 patients.On admission,all patients underwent complete standard blood test examinations including C-reactive protein(CRP),bilirubin,CA19-9.Patients were considered eligible for the study when they presented obstructive jaundice confirmed by instrumental examinations and increased serum bilirubin levels(total bilirubin > 2.0 mg/dL).The standard cut-off level for CA19-9 was 32 U/mL,whereas for CRP this was 1.5 mg/L.The CA19-9 level was adjusted by dividing it by the value of serum bilirubin or by the CRP value.The patients were divided into 2 groups,MJ and BJ,and after the adjustment a comparison between the 2 groups of patients was performed.Sensitivity,specificity and positive predictive values were calculated before and after the adjustment.RESULTS:Of the 102 patients,51 were affected by BJ and 51 by MJ.Pathologic CA19-9 levels were found in 71.7% of the patients.In the group of 51 BJ patients there were 29(56.9%) males and 22(43.1%) females with a median age of 66 years(range 24-96 years),whereas in the MJ group there were 24(47%) males and 27(53%) females,with a mean age of 70 years(range 30-92 years).Pathologic CA19-9 serum level was found in 82.3% of MJ.CRP levels were pathologic in 66.6% of the patients with BJ and in 49% with MJ.Bilirubin and CA19-9 average levels were significantly higher in MJ compared with BJ(P = 0.000 and P = 0.02),while the CRP level was significantly higher in BJ(P = 0.000).Considering a CA19-9 cut-off level of 32 U/mL,82.3% in the MJ group and 54.9% in the BJ group were positive for CA19-9(P = 0.002).A CA19-9 cut-off of 100 U/mL increases the difference between the two groups:35.3% in BJ and 68.6% in MJ(P = 0.0007).Adjusting the CA19-9 value by dividing it by serum bilirubin level meant that 21.5% in the BJ and 49% in the MJ group remained with a positive CA19-9 value(P = 0.003),while adjusting the CA19-9 value by dividing it by serum CRP value meant that 31.4% in the BJ group and 76.5% in the MJ group still had a positive CA19-9 value(P = 0.000004).Sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive values of CA19-9 > 32 U/mL were 82.3%,45% and 59.1%;when the cutoff was CA19-9 > 100 U/mL they were,respectively,68.6%,64.7% and 66%.When the CA19-9 value was adjusted by dividing it by the bilirubin or CRP values,these became 49%,78.4%,69.4% and 76.5%,68.6%,70.9%,respectively.CONCLUSION:The present study proposes CRP as a new and useful correction factor to improve the diag-nostic value of the CA19-9 tumor marker in patients with cholestatic jaundice.

Role of ascites adenosine deaminase in differentiating between tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis

AIM： To investigate the usefulness of tumor markers and adenosine deaminase in differentiating between tuberculous peritonitis （TBP） and peritoneal carcinoma- tosis （PC）. METHODS： A retrospective analysis of data was per- formed on consecutive patients who underwent perito- neoscopic and abdominal computed tomography （CT） evaluations. Among 75 patients at the Seoul National University Hospital from January 2000 to June 2010 who underwent both tests, 27 patients （36.0%） and 25 patients （33.3%） were diagnosed with TBP and PC, re- spectively. Diagnosis was confirmed by peritoneoscopic biopsy. RESULTS： Serum c-reactive protein （7.88：1：6.62 mg/ dL vs 3.12 ＋ 2.69 mg/dL, P = 0.01）, ascites adenos- ine deaminase （66.76：1：32.09 IU/L vs 13.89 ：l： 8.95 IU/L, P 〈 0.01）, ascites lymphocyte proportion （67.77 ：1： 23.41% vs 48.36 ＋ 18.78%, P 〈 0.01）, and serum- ascites albumin gradient （0.72 ＋ 0.49 g/dL vs 1.05 ＋ 0.50 g/dL, P = 0.03） were significantly different be- tween the two groups. Among tumor markers, serum and ascites carcinoembryonic antigen, serum carbohy- drate antigen 19-9 showed significant difference be- tween two groups. Abdominal CT examinations showed that smooth involvement of the parietal peritoneum was more common in the TBP group （77.8% vs 40.7%） whereas nodular involvement was more common in the PC group （14.8% vs 40.7%, P = 0.04）. From receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves ascites adeno- sines deaminase （ADA） showed better discriminative capability than tumor markers. An ADA cut-off level of 21 IU/L was found to yield the best results of differ- ential diagnosis; sensitivity, specificity, positive predic- tive value, and negative predictive value were 92.0%, 85.0%, 88.5% and 89.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION： Besides clinical and radiologic findings, ascitic fluid ADA measurement is helpful in the differen- tial diagnosis of TBP and PC.

MicroRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is a lethal cancer for which the only chance of long-term survival belongs to the patient with localized disease in whom a potentially curative resection can be done. Therefore, biomarkers for early detection and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. miRNAs are a recently discovered class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides that have gained attention for their role in downregulation of mRNA expression at the post-transcriptional level. miRNAs regulate proteins involved in critical cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Evidence suggests that deregulated miRNA expression is involved in carcinogenesis at many sites, including the pancreas. Aberrant expression of miRNAs may upregulate the expression of oncogenes or downregulate the expression of tumor suppressor genes, as well as play a role in other mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize our knowledge of deregulated miRNA expression in pancreatic cancer and discuss the implication for potential translation of this knowledge into clinical practice.

Extensive Reading and Writing Reader＇s Response Journal： The Very Way to Improve Students＇ English Proficiency

This paper figures out the problems the Chinese students often meet with when they try to obtain the English language ability. In order to assist my students crack down on such problems, I take up the approach of giving them opportunities to play the active roles in English reading activity and requiring them to write reading response journals and to have frequent discussions in the reading class. The approach aims at improving the students＇ ability and getting them to be trained and improved effectively in the language skills concerned. The approach has come out with remarkable achievements. My understanding is that the process of learning a foreign language is a process indeed of accumulation, including both the language and culture knowledge. The accumulation can be gained by means of reading a lot, thus improving the students＇ language competence, enlarging their cultural and language field of vision on the western world. We teachers play the function of bridge leading the students to succeed in mastering and applying English as a practical tool in their life and work to come. This paper introduces what I have been trying to assist my students in solving their problems through my teaching practice during the past years.

Tumor Vascular Markers： Possibilities for Detection of Breast Carcinoma

Breast cancer is one of the world＇s most urgent health problems. The first symptoms of mammary malignancies are manifested only at an advanced stage with significant mortality. Detecting this disease at an early stage gives the majority of patients a better chance of survival. The aim was to search for changes in gene expression of specific tumor vascular markers like death receptor 6 （Dr6） and glycoprotein M6B （Gpm6B） in the blood of patients with breast cancer. All subjects were divided into two groups. First group with patients are with different grades of breats tumors （n = 30）. Second group consists from healthy women （n = 15）. After isolation of mRNA from blood, RT-PCR was followed by gel electrophoresis. For statistical analysis one-way ANOVA was used with Student＇s T test using GraphPad InStat software. Significant changes in mRNA levels of gene Dr6 in all grades of first stage breast cancer were detected. The mRNA levels of Dr6 showed a rising tendency from GI （116% higher value than control） to G3 （198% higher than control）. During monitoring of the mRNA level of Gpm6B, a weaker increase was observed than in Dr6. The difference in GI was only 8% higher compared with controls and 44% at G3. From our results it can be concluded that DR6 is a more suitable marker for the diagnosis of breast malignancies in the early stages than Gpm6B. In our work, a non-invasive method for more timely and precise determination of the earlier stages of breast cancer is described, which could also contribute to monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, or regression of this disease.

Biomarker responses in the bivalve Chlamys farreri to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil

To investigate the effect of the water soluble fraction of crude oil(WSF) on marine bivalves, the scallop C hlamys farreri was exposed to three WSF concentrations(0.18 mg/L, 0.32 mg/L, and 0.51 mg/L, respectively) in seawater. Petroleum hydrocarbon contents in scallops and a suite of enzymes [7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase(EROD), aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase(AHH), glutathione S-transferase(GST), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)] in gills and digestive glands were monitored over 10 days. The results revealed that WSF affected the activity of the four enzymes in the gills and digestive glands. EROD activity in the gills was significantly induced in most individuals of the three test groups, while in the digestive gland it was significantly induced in the low-concentration group within 4 days but was inhibited in the middle- and high-concentration groups on days 1, 4, and 10. AHH activity in the gills of all treatment groups was significantly induced on day 1. In the digestive gland, AHH activity was induced in most individuals from the treatment groups. In all treatment groups, GST activity was significantly inhibited from days 2 to 10 in the gills and was induced after day 4 in the digestive gland. GPx activity in the gills was significantly inhibited throughout the exposure period in all treatment groups. There was no overall significant difference in GPx activity in the digestive gland between the control and treatment groups. Our results also revealed that petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the tissues increased linearly with exposure time. EROD activity in the digestive gland and GST and GPx activity in the gill tissue were negatively correlated with petroleum hydrocarbon body burden. These enzymes play important roles in detoxification and can act as potential biomarkers for monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the marine environment.

Expression of Overlapping PCR-generated Shiga Toxin B Gene Fragment in E. Coli and Its Ascitic Polyclonal Antibody

The mature Shiga toxin B （StxB） gene was optimized and generated by overlapping PCR. Recombinant expression vector pQE40-DHFR/StxB was constructed when the gene was cloned into pQE fusion expression vector. Induced by Isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside （IPTG）, the DHFR/StxB fusion protein was highly expressed to the level of 41.36% in E. coli MI5 cells. The 35 kDa fusion protein with a 6 His-tag was one-step purified from inclusion bodies using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography column under denaturing conditions, and was refolded by dialyzing with a decreasing urea gradient. Purified DHFR/StxB fusion protein was used to immunize Kunming mice for generating the ascitic polyclonal antibody against recombinant StxB protein by injecting sarcoma 180 cells and the titer ofascitic polyclonal antibody is up to 1： 1× 10^6 detected by the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assy （ELISA）. Western immunoblotting analysis revealed that the ascitic polyclonal antibody against StxB had a specific affinity for a 70 kDa shiga toxin protein of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. It is a new simple and quick method to produce a large amount of ascitic polyclonal antibody. The antibody is used to develop immunological method for detecting shiga toxin.

Cognitive-enhancing effects of hydrolysate of polygalasaponin in SAMP8 mice

Objectives： The aim of the study is to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects of hydrolysate of polyga- lasaponin （HPS） on senescence accelerate mouse P8 （SAMP8） mice, an effective Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） model, and to research the relevant mechanisms. Methods： The cognitive-enhancing effects of HPS on SAMP8 mice were assessed using Morris water maze （MWM） and step-through passive avoidance tests. Then N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptor subunit expression for both the cortex and hippocampus of mice was observed using Western blot- ting. Results： HPS （25 and 50 mg/kg） improved the escape rate and decreased the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant for the SAMP8 mice in the MWM after oral administration of HPS for 10 d. Moreover, it decreased error times in the passive avoidance tests. Western blotting showed that HPS was able to reverse the levels of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B expression in the cortex or hippocampus of model mice. Conclusions： The present study suggested that HPS can improve cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice, and this mechanism might be associated with NMDA receptor （NMDAR）-related pathways.

Tracking shallow marine red beds through geological time as exemplified by the lower Telychian (Silurian) in the Upper Yangtze Region,South China

Marine red beds occur frequently in China through geological time.Despite their complex environments,the red beds are found in three depositional settings:1) oceanic,deep water,as in the Upper Cretaceous of southern Tibet;2) outer shelf,deeper water,as in the Lower-Middle Ordovician of South China;and 3) inner shelf,shallow water,as in the Silurian and Triassic in South China.The Silurian marine red beds are recurrent in the lower Telychian,upper Telychian,and upper Ludlow.This paper is to document the marine nature of the lower Telychian red beds (LRBs) in the Upper Yangtze Region and to discuss the spatial and temporal distribution of the LRBs and their depositional environments.The LRBs are best developed on the north side of the Cathaysian Oldland,which can be interpreted as the source area.It is inferred that they were deposited during a marine regression,characterized by the lack of upwelling,low nutrition and organic productivity with a decrease of biodiversity and a high rate of sedimentation.The iron-rich sediments may have been transported by rivers on the oldland into the Upper Yangtze Sea,as rates of deposition were rapid enough to counteract normal reducing effect around sediment-water interface.The LRBs are different from the off-shore,deeper water red beds of lower Telychian in Avalonia and Baltica and further from the oceanic,deep water red beds of Upper Cretaceous in southern Tibet chiefly in palaeogeographic settings,biotic assemblages and marine environments.

《說文·水部》與《漢書·地理志》異文釋證

《說文·水部》與《漢書·地理志》~①在描繪河流時存在大量異文,從內容上看,包括山名、水名、地名以及方位名詞等,具有重要的訓詁學、地理歷史學檟值,本文對'潼(馳)水'、'洛水'等10條存在異文的河流進行了考釋,以便對古代歷史地理有更好的了解。

Genotoxicity biomarkers in aquatic bioindicators

Pollution of the aquatic environment is an ever-growing problem, as waters are the ultimate sink for the large number of xenobiotics from multiple sources. DNA damaging agents have a significant ecological relevance since they are implicated in many pathological processes and exert effects beyond that of individual being active through following generations. A large number of methods have been applied to evaluate genotoxic damage in different aquatic species. Comet assay, as method for de- tecting DNA alterations, and micronucleus test, as an index of chromosomal damage are the most widely applied and validated methods in field studies. These methods were applied in different vertebrate and invertebrate aquatic species, but only mollusk and fish species have been employed in routine biomonitoring programs. Mussels, due to their widely geographical distribution and the suitability for caging represent the bioindicator of choice in field studies. Mytilus species is the most used marine mussel. The use of fish is limited to specific geographic areas. The present review mainly focuses on the application of comet assay and micronucleus test in mussels. A number of biomonitoring studies in mussels, using comet assay or micronucleus test, revealed exposure to different classes of genotoxic compounds with a good discrimination power. The different evidence from the two as- says, reflects different biological mechanisms for the two genetic endpoints, DNA damage and chromosomal damage, suggesting their combined application in the field. Different endogenous and exogenous factors have been shown to modulate the genotoxic responses in mussels, acting as confounding factors in environmental monitoring. The use of standardized protocol for caging, sampling and genotoxity evaluation is critical in biomonitoring studies. The use of a multimarker approach coupling genotoxicity biomarkers with physiological and biochemical factors allows to have a complete picture of the environmental pollution [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 273-284, 2014].