山西省汾河灌区水拉引河法的实践

在平川区河道上经常出现弯弯曲曲呈∽形的河床,洪水一来,就会冲农田、毁村庄、改河道,经济损失很大。根据实况,汾河三坝灌区利用汛期洪水实践了水拉引河法。利用水的挟沙能力,借助自然力对河道进行改造,对弯道进行了裁弯取直,改善了水力条件,消除了隐患,减轻了洪水对汾河两岸的威胁。这种方案具有省工省资、施工简单、时短节地的优点。这项工程的实践成功,对平川地区改善河道及引水冲淤都有借鉴价值。

关于某型柴油机水拉管使用管理经验浅析

活塞是柴油机运转的重要结构,对于大型低速二冲程柴油机来说,由于活塞所受的热负荷和热应力较大,需要特别关注活塞冷却机构工作情况。本文通过介绍某型主机柴油机活塞冷却水拉管结构,梳理分析了活塞冷却水拉管容易遇到的管理难点,并针对性提出了相应措施,为活塞冷却水拉管的使用管理提供了一定的经验借鉴。

沿江圩区内外水时间序列模拟模型

本文以安庆市广成圩为系统背景,运用随机过程理论和时序分析技术,分析了沿江圩区来水和外江水位过程的随机特性,建立了相应的模拟模型.

Identification of Free OH and its Implication on Structural Changes of Liquid Water

The molecular structure of liquid water has been an outstanding issue for many years. The identification of free -OH holds the key in differentiating structure models for liquid water. By analyzing the relative changes of the intensity and depolarization ratio in temperature dependent Raman spectra, the occurrence of free -OH in liquid water is unambiguously de- termined. Furthermore, upon the increase of temperature from 5 ~C to 85 ~C, the structure of liquid water undergoes significant change, but the relative proportion of free -OH is con- siderably small and remains almost unchanged. This implies that the breaking of hydrogen bond from the tetrahedral structure prefers to The energetic favoring of the structural change experiments. occur at the site of the hydrogen acceptor. for liquid water is thus clearly revealed from

Hydrothermal synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Arabic gum aqueous solutions

Finely divided silver nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Arabic gum （AG） was used as both the reductant and steric stabilizer without any other surfactant. By adjusting the reaction temperature, mass ratio of AG to AgNO3, and reaction time, silver nanoparticles with different morphological characteristics could be obtained. The products were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, TEM, SEM, and XRD measurements. It was found that temperature and AG played an important role in the synthesis of mono-disperse silver nanoparticles. Well dispersed and quasispherical silver nanoparticles were obtained under the optimal synthesis conditions of 10 mmol/L AgNO3, m（AG）/m（AgN03）= l：1, 160 ℃ and 3 h.

Analysis of Natural Condition,Present Situation and Potential of Rice Production Development in Angola

[Objective] The aim was to make analysis on natural condition,present situation,and potential of rice production development in Angola.[Method] Conclusion and analysis of rice development in Angola were conducted from natural condition,production status,present problem and development potential.[Result] In Angola,about 30 million hectares agricultural lands enjoy fresh water,temperature,and light resources which are requirement for rice development.Presently,however,some disadvantages have harassed the nation,such as outdated production mode and technology,small cultivated area and low level of per unit yield.In addition,about 98% of consumed rice was imported from other countries.The government has attached high importance to food production,and rice production was a priority of national investment.Per unit rice yield would achieve 7 500 kg/hm2 if Angola introduces hybrid rice species and high-yield cultivation techniques from China.[Conclusion] The research provided technical reference for enterprises or individuals ready to invest in rice development in Angola.

Application of ultra-smooth composite diamond film coated WC-Co drawing dies under water-lubricating conditions

A specific revised HFCVD apparatus and a novel process combining HFCVD and polishing technique were presented to deposit the micro-and nano-crystalline multilayered ultra-smooth diamond（USCD） film on the interior-hole surface of WC-Co drawing dies with aperture ranging from d1.0 mm to 60 mm.Characterization results indicate that the surface roughness values（Ra） in the entry zone,drawing zone and bearing zone of as-fabricated USCD coated drawing die were measured as low as 25.7,23.3 and 25.5 nm,respectively.Furthermore,the friction properties of USCD films were examined in both dry sliding and water-lubricating conditions,and the results show that the USCD film presents much superior friction properties.Its friction coefficients against ball-bearing steel,copper and silicon nitride balls（d4 mm）,is always lower than that of microcrystalline diamond（MCD） or WC-Co sample,regardless of the lubricating condition.Meanwhile,it still presents competitive wear resistance with the MCD films.Finally,the working lifetime and performance of as-fabricated USCD coated drawing dies were examined under producing low-carbon steel pipes in dry-sliding and water-lubricating conditions.Under the water-lubricating drawing condition,its production significantly increases by about 20 times compared with the conventional WC-Co drawing dies.

Economic Characters of Thirty-three Chinese Rice Cultivars in Angola

[Objective] The aim was to research economic characters of thirty-three Chinese rice cultivars in Angola.[Method] In the research,twenty-eight hybrid mid-indica rice cultivars and five conventional Japonica rice cultivars were classified into three groups and then grown in Luanda to analyze adaptability,fertility and major economic characters of the rice in rainy season.[Result] The research showed that of twenty-eight hybrid mid-indica rice cultivars,ten cultivars were of better adaptability and fertility,which are suitable to be grown in Luanda in Angola;productive ear number,total grain per ear,thousand-seed weight and ratio of grain to straw of the rice cultivars performed normally,but the whole developmental period shortened and seedling setting rate improved significantly.In addition,hybrid indica Teyou 721,Quanxiangyou 512,II you 128 and 102S/4HZ021 were of fertility potential at 11.5 t/hm2,which were all proved excellent in related characters in rainy season in Luanda of Angola.For conventional mid-season rice indica cultivars,Wandao 51 and Huanghuazhan were of better adaptability and fertility.In contrast,5 Japonica rice cultivars were of poor adaptability.[Conclusion] The research provided technical references for Chinese rice growing in Angola.

Raman Spectroscopy of Nitrogen Clathrate Hydrates

Nitrogen hydrate samples were synthesized using liquid nitrogen and powder ice at 16 MPa and 253 K. Confocal laser Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the characteristics of nitrogen clathrate hydrates. The results show that the Raman peaks of N-N and O-H stretching vibration in nitrogen hydrates are observed at 2322.4 and 3092.1 cm^-1, respectively, which are very similar to those in natural air clathrate hydrates. For comparison, we measured the Raman peaks of N-N stretching vibration both in liquid nitrogen and nitrogen molecules saturated water, which appear at 2326.6 and 2325.0 cm^-1, respectively. The Raman spectroscopic observations on the dissociation process suggest that nitrogen molecules occupy both the large and small cages in nitrogen clathrate hydrates. However, only one Raman peak is observed for N N stretching vibration because the difference of the environment of nitrogen molecules between large and small cages is too small to be differentiated by Raman spectroscopy.

Quantum Effects on Global Structure of Liquid Water

The structure difference between light and heavy liquid water has been systematically in- vestigated by high precision Raman spectroscopy over the temperature range of 5-85℃. Distinct difference between the Raman spectral profiles of two different liquid waters is clearly observed. By analyzing the temperature-dependent Raman spectral contour using global fitting procedure, it is found that the micro-structure of heavy water is more ordered than that of light water at the same temperature, and the structure difference between the light and heavy water decreases with the increase of the temperature. The temperature off- set, an indicator for the structure difference, is determined to vary from 28 ℃ to 18 ℃ for the low-to-high temperature. It indicates that quantum effect is significantly not only at low temperature, but also at room temperature. The interaction energy among water molecules has also been estimated from van＇t Hoff＇s relationship. The detailed structural information should help to develop reliable force fields for molecular modeling of liquid water.

High-yielding Cultivation and Fertilization Technology of Lvhan No.1 in Angola

[Objective] The aim was to research high-yielding cultivation and fertilization technology for Lvhan No.l, a new Chinese rice cultivar, in Angola. [Method] In rainy season of 2012, high-yielding cultivation and fertilization technology of Lvhan No.l, a new cultivar of earlier ripe and drought resistant rice, was researched in CATETE farm of Luanda suburb with pot experiment method. [Result] In CATETE farm, Lvhan No.1 rice were directly sown in black clay and the rice can be significantly improved in plant height, grain weight of single plant, biological yield of single plant, ear length, total grain number per ear, number of filled grain per ear and thousand seed weight, as well as economic coefficient and ratio of grain to straw, if applied with base fertilizer made up of DAP （N：P2Os=14：43）, or compound fertilizer of N, P and K （N：P2Os：K^O=15：15：15） and with Duannai fertilizer and ear-grain fertilizer made up of urea. If DAP is taken as base fertilizer, the optimal quantity is 300 kg/hm2. If compound fertilizer of N, P and K is taken as base fertilizer, the optimal quantity is 450 kg/hm2, but urea at 75 kg/hm2 should be applied as Duannai fertilizer and ear- grain fertilizer, respectively, on time. [Conclusion] The research provides technical ref- erences for planting of Chinese rice cultivars in Angola.

The structure,tensile properties and water resistance of hydrolyzed feather keratin-based bioplastics

Feather, as a by-product of the poultry industry, has long been treated as a solid waste, which causes environ- mental and economic problems. In this work, the hydrolyzed feather keratin （HFK） was extracted from the chicken feather using a cost-effective method of alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation by applying urea and sodium sulfide. The aim was development and characterization of the eco-friendly films based on the HFK with variable glycerol contents by a thermoplastic process. The thermal analysis showed that high temperature and high pres- sure improved the compatibility between the glycerol and the HFI（ molecules. Also it was shown that the addi- tion of water is necessary in the hot-pressing process of films, The FT-IR analysis indicated that the formation of the new hydrogen bonds between HFK and glycerol. By increasing the glycerol content, the film tensile strength （orb ） decreases from 10,5 MPa to 5.7 MPa and the solubility increases from 15.3% to 20.9%, while the elongation at break （εb） achieves the maximum value of 63,8% for the film with 35% glycerol. The swelling was just below 16.9% at 25 ℃ for 24 h, suggesting a good stability of the films in water. The water vapor permeability （WVP） varied between 3.02 x 10 ^10g. m 2. s-1 . pa-1 and 4.11 x 10-10g · m-2 · s-1 · Pa-1 for the films with 20%and 40% glycerol, respectively. The HFK film was uniform, translucent and tough, which could be used in packaging and agricultural field.

Hydrodynamic deep drawing of double layered conical cups

Hydrodynamic deep drawing assisted by radial pressure is an advanced sheet forming technology with great advantages such as higher drawing ratio, good surface quality and higher dimensional accuracy. In this process, both the bottom surface and the peripheral edge of sheets are under hydrodynamic pressure, so that the forming procedure is more uniform with low failure probability. Multi-layered sheets with complex geometries could be formed more easily with this technique compared with other traditional methods. Rupture is the main irrecoverable failure form in sheet forming processes. Prediction of rupture occurrence is of great importance for determining and optimizing the proper process parameters. In this research, a theoretical model was proposed to calculate the critical rupture pressure in production of double layered conical parts with hydrodynamic deep drawing process assisted by radial pressure. The effects of other process parameters on critical rupture pressure, such as punch tip radius, drawing ratio, coefficient of friction, sheet thickness and material properties were also discussed. The proposed model was compared with finite element simulation and validated by experiments on Al1050/St13 double layered sheets, where a good agreement was found with analytical results.

Effects of Elevated Seawater pCO2 on Early Development of Scallop Argopecten irradias (Lamarck, 1819)

To investigate the effects of elevated seawater p CO_2 on the early developmental stages of marine benthic calcifying organisms, we exposed the eggs and larvae of Argopecten irradias, an important bivalve species in Chinese aquaculture, in seawater equilibrated with CO_2-enriched(1000 ppm) gas mixtures. We demonstrated that elevated seawater pCO_2 significantly interfered with fertilization and larval development and resulted in an increased aberration rate. Fertilization in the treatment(pH 7.6) was 74.3% ± 3.8%, which was 9.7% lower than that in the control(p H 8.3)(84.0% ±3.0%). Hatching success decreased by 23.7%, and aberration rate increased by 30.3% under acidic condition. Larvae in acidified seawater still developed a shell during the post-embryonic phase. However, the shell length and height in the treatment were smaller than those in the control. The development of embryos differed significantly at 12 h after fertilization between the two experimental groups. Embryos developed slower in acidified seawater. Nearly half of the embryos in the control developed into D-shaped larvae at 48 h after fertilization, which were considerably more than those in the treatment(11.7%). Results suggest that future ocean acidification(OA) would cause detrimental effects on the early development of A. irradias.

Boussinesq equation-based model for flow in drainage layer of highway

In order to study the water flow in the drainage layer of highway under steady-state condition, one-dimensional （1D） Boussinesq equation-based model with Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption was established and the semi-analytical solutions to predict the water-table height were presented. In order to validate the model, a two-dimensional （2D） saturated flow model based on the Laplace equation was applied for the purpose of the model comparison. The water-table elevations predicted by ID Boussinesq equation-based model and 2D Laplace equation-based model match each other well, which indicates that the horizontal flow in drainage layer is dominated. Also, it validates the 1D Boussinesq equation-based model which can be applied to predict the water-table elevation in drainage layer. Further, the analysis was conducted to examine the effect of infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and slope of drainage layer on the water-table elevation. The results show that water-table falls down as the ratio of Is to K decreases and the slope increases. If the aquifer becomes confined by the top of drainage layer due to the larger ratio of Is to K or smaller slope, the solution presented in this work can also be applied to approximate the water-table elevation in unconfined sub-section as well as hydraulic head in the confined sub-section.

One-dimensional consolidation of visco-elastic aquitard due to withdrawal of deep-groundwater

One-dimensional consolidation of visco-elastic aquitard due to withdrawal of deep-groundwater was studied.Merchant model was used to simulate visco-elastic characteristic of aquitard.General solutions of the governing equation were obtained by applying Laplace transform with respect to time,and then the pore-pressure,strain and deformation of the aquitard could be calculated by Laplace inversion.A case was analyzed to validate the correctness of the present method.Finally,some consolidation properties of the problem were analyzed.Comparison of the average degree of consolidation defined by pore pressure with that defined by settlement shows that they are different and the maximum difference is 22.8%.The influences of parameters of Merchant model and the rate of the water level on the consolidation are great.The smaller the viscosity coefficient is,the later the rate of consolidation decreases.The rate of consolidation is decreased with the decrease of the rate of the water level fall.Therefore,the lagged effect of land subsidence should be considered in the actual project.

Water Quality and Some Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq

Water samples, sediments from three stations in Euphrates River, lraq were analyzed quantitatively for some physical and chemical characters and six heavy metals （Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb） using flam atomic absorption spectrophotpmeter in period Sept. 2009-Oct. 2010. The physical and chemical characters included temperature, pH, water flow, salinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, alkalinity total hardness, calcium and nutrients （nitrite, nitrate reactive phosphate and silicate）. The results showed variation in water flow 0.05-0.40 m/sec., according to the values of salinity 0.40%-0.60% values of the BOD5 were ranged between 0.2-4.3 mg/L. The mean concentration of the heavy metals （Pb, Ni, Mn, Co, Cu and Fe） of the dissolved phase in water were 0.13 μg/L, 0.021 μg/L, 0.31 μg/L, 4.29 μg/L, 7.78 μg/L, 6.46 μg/L and 79.04 μg/L, respectively, while their concentration in the particulate phase were 0.59 μg/g, 0.06 μg/g, 0.42 μg/g, 50.06 μg/g, 6.61 μg/g, 7.17 vg/g and 149.42 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Also the mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediment （exchangeable phase） were 0.51 vg/g,0.18 vg/g, 0.08 μg/g, 61.39 μg/g, 5.40 μg/g, 14.06 vg/g and 130.05 μg/g dry weight respectively, and 0.40 μg/g, 0.17 μg/g, 0.10 μg/g, 63.01 μg/g, 4.64 μg/g, 18.44 μg/g and 126.26 μg/g D.W. respectively in residual phase of sediment.

Study of the Effects of Water Level Depression in Euphrates River on the Water Quality

Abstract： The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the main sources of water in Iraq. Iraq used to receive 33×109 m^3 of river water per year at Hit, 200 km downstream from the Syrian border before the 1970s. In 1980s, the discharge decreased to as little as 8 × 10^9 m^3 per year at Hit. The decreasing of discharge and water level in the Euphrates River causes problems of both quantity and quality, such as the increasing salinity in the internal delta downstream, the TDS （total dissolves salinity） at Hit has increased from less than 500 ppm to about 700 ppm. By 1989, the Euphrates＇ salinity at A1 Qaim reached 1,000 ppm. Currently, the TDS of the river, at AI Qaim, is greater than 1,000 ppm. The problem of control salinity has received considerable attention particularly when the surface water is extremely limited with poorly available ground water supply. The field measurement has achieved for TDS, pH （hydrogen ion）, EC （electric conductivity）, coliform content and heavy metal for three sectors in the Euphrates River basin in Iraq as well as the lakes of Tharthar, Habbaniya, and AI-Razzaza. The statistical analysis was made to relate these parameter with discharge and water level, which are refered to the important effect of the flow in river on the water quality of Euphrates River. The storage of water in the lakes Al-tharthar, Al-habbanya, and A1-Razzaza has a negative effects on the water quality, and shows that the best method for storage water is the reservoirs along river stream.

A study of groundwater irrigation water quality in south-central Bangladesh: a geo-statistical model approach using GIS and multivariate statistics

Southern Bangladesh＇s irrigation and drinking water is threatened by saline intrusion. This study aimed to establish an irrigation water quality index （IWQI） using a geostatistical model and multivariate indices in Gopalganj district, south-central Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were taken randomly （different depths） in two seasons （wet-monsoon and dry-monsoon）. Hydrochemical analysis revealed groundwater in this area was neutral to slightly alkaline and dominating cations were Na^＋, Mg^2＋, and Ca^2＋ along with major anions Cl^- and HCO3^-. Principal component analysis and Gibbs plot helped explain possible geochemical processes in the aquifer. The irrigation water evaluation indices showed： electrical conductivity （EC） 〉750 μS/cm, moderate to extreme saline; sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, excellent to doubtful; total hardness （TH）, moderate to very hard; residual sodium bicarbonate, safe to marginal; Kelly＇s ratio 〉1; soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, fair to poor; magnesium adsorption ratio, harmful for soil; and IWQI, moderate to suitable. In addition, the best fitted semivariogram for IWQI, EC, SAR, SSP, and TH confirmed that most parameters had strong spatial dependence and others had moderate to weak spatial dependence. This variation might be due to the different origin/sources of major contributing ions along with the influence of variable river flow and small anthropogenic contributions. Furthermore, the spatial distribution maps for IWQI, EC, SSP, and TH during both seasons confirmed the influence of salinity from the sea; low-flow in the major river system was the driving factor of overall groundwater quality in the study area. These findings may contribute to management of irrigation and/or drinking water in regions with similar groundwater problems.

Socio-economic and Environmental Implications of the Hydroelectric Projects in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

This paper deals with de the fiasco created by the Tehri Uttarakhand, India, particularly resettlement and rehabilitation tailed analysis of High Dam in in terms of of the local inhabitants. Aspects pertaining to the environmental issues are also discussed. Currently, the river valleys in Uttarakhand state of India are the targets of increasing hydroelectric projects. Virtually all rivers are being exploited for generating environmental friendly power. Having being learned the hard lesson from Tehri Dam, it has been decided to opt for such schemes in which comparatively little submergence hnd tempering with the fragile eco-systems is involved However, our observations suggest that even in such schemes if due care is not taken they may turn out to be a failure.