干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合分析与模拟研究框架

干旱区流域水资源短缺与生态恶化问题日趋严重,水文-生态过程耦合分析与模拟问题是实现干旱区流域水安全与生态安全亟待解决的核心科学问题。在总结国内外水文-生态过程耦合研究现状的基础上,探讨当前干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合研究面临的关键科学问题,初步提出干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合研究框架,包括水文-生态过程的作用机制、耦合关系和耦合模拟研究,旨在为干旱区流域水文-生态耦合研究提供参考。

Effects of Elevated Air Temperatures on Soil Thermal and Hydrologic Processes in the Active Layer in an Alpine Meadow Ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In this study,effects of elevated air temperatures on thermal and hydrologic process of the shallow soil in the active layer were investigated. Open-top chambers(OTCs)were utilized to increase air temperatures 1-2℃ in OTC-1 and 3-5℃ in OTC-2 in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau.Results show that the annual air temperatures under OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 1.21℃ and 3.62℃ higher than the Control,respectively.The entirely-frozen period of shallow soil in the active layer was shortened and the fully thawed period was prolonged with temperature increase.The maximum penetration depth and duration of the negative isotherm during the entirely-frozen period decreased, and soil freezing was retarded in the local scope of the soil profile when temperature increased.Meanwhile, the positive isotherm during the fully-thawed period increased,and the soil thawing was accelerated.Soil moisture under different manipulations decreased with the temperature increase at the same depth. During the early freezing period and the early fully- thawed period,the maximum soil moisture under the Control manipulation was at 0.2 m deep,whereas under OTC-1 and OTC-2 manipulations,the maximum soil moisture were at 0.4-0.5 m deep. These results indicate that elevated temperatures led to a decrease of the moisture in the surface soil.The coupled relationship between soil temperature and moisture was significantly affected by the temperature increase.During the freezing and thawing processes, the soil temperature and moisture under different manipulations fit the regression model given by the equationθV=a/{1+exp[b(TS+c)]}+d.

Hydrological Services by Mountain Ecosystems in Qilian Mountain of China: A Review

Hydrological service is a hot issue in the current researches of ecosystem service, particularly in the upper reaches of mountain rivers in dry land areas, where the Qilian Mountain is a representative one. The Qilian Mountain, where forest, shrubland and grassland consist of its main ecosystems, can provide fresh water and many other ecosystem services, through a series of eco-hydrological process such as precipitation interception, soil water storage, and fresh water provision. Thus, monitoring water regulation and assessing the hydrological service of the Qilian Mountain are meaningful and helpful for the healthy development of the lower reaches of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent 10 years, hydrological services have been widely researched in terms of scale and landscape pattern, including water conservation, hydrological responses to afforestation and their ecological effects. This study, after analyzing lots of current models and applications of geographical information system（GIS） in hydrological services, gave a scientific and reasonable evaluation of mountain ecosystem in eco-hydrological services, by employing the combination of international forefronts and contentious issues into the Qilian Mountain. Assessments of hydrological services at regional or larger scales are limited compared with studies within watershed scale in the Qilian Mountain. In our evaluation results of forest ecosystems, it is concluded that long-term observation and dynamic monitoring of different types of ecosystem are indispensable, and the hydrological services and the potential variation in water supplement on regional and large scales should be central issues in the future research.v

理解地理“耦合”实现地理“集成”

"耦合"作为物理学的经典概念,为许多学科提供了一套阐述多主体相互作用的思路和方法。"集成"不是来自特定学科,但因其高度的概括能力被广泛应用于自然和人文科学领域。地球科学是应用这两个概念最多的学科之一。地理学作为自然与人文交叉学科,具有区域性、综合性和复杂性特征。在使用耦合概念时,不同地理分支具有不同的理解,为此,地理学者有必要明确界定不同学科、不同情景下耦合概念的内涵,从而更准确地探索陆地表层格局、过程和机制。首先,从地理要素耦合、地理空间耦合、地理界面耦合、地理空间尺度耦合、地理关系耦合、地理耦合解译六个方面,对地理耦合的内涵进行全面解析和界定,并给出了相应的研究实践案例。其次,从地理学的视角认识理解集成,并以"黑河流域生态-水文集成研究"重大研究计划的地理实践为例,介绍实现地理集成的基本路径。最后,提出理解地理"耦合"与实现地理"集成"之间的联系。

中国北方沙区水量平衡自动模拟监测系统(沙坡头蒸渗仪群)

水量平衡始终是我国北方沙区植被建设所面临的核心科学问题,决定着植被-土壤系统的可持续性和稳定性。蒸发渗漏仪(以下简称“蒸渗仪”)是研究水量平衡的最可靠手段,但其目前存在研究站点单一、系统不匹配、精度不一致等问题,从而制约了沙区生态水文学研究的理论创新。在中国科学院野外站网络重点科技基础设施建设项目的支持下,中国科学院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站于2019年建成了目前规模最大的中国北方沙区水量平衡自动模拟监测系统——沙坡头蒸渗仪群。该平台以36台大型称重式蒸渗仪为主体,集成了降水和地下水模拟、根系动态测量和土壤溶液提取等系统,配置了不同生物气候带沙区的土壤和典型固沙灌木,开发了数据管理信息系统。该平台可模拟降水和地下水,连续精确监测土壤水动态、蒸散发、植物生长等过程,实现不同生物气候带沙区水量平衡的自动监测-模拟-量化-集成研究,是科学认知、客观解析沙区植被-土壤系统生态水文互馈机制,探索植物固沙模式及沙区生态恢复与重建理论的重要研究平台。该平台显著提升了我国野外站的科学研究能力和解决国家重大科技需求的能力。