Groundwater in Changchun City, Jilin Province of China tends to be influenced by human activities. Chemical types of groundwater were detected in both shallow and deep groundwater were: HCO3--Ca2+ and HCO3--Ca2+·...Groundwater in Changchun City, Jilin Province of China tends to be influenced by human activities. Chemical types of groundwater were detected in both shallow and deep groundwater were: HCO3--Ca2+ and HCO3--Ca2+·Mg2+ or HCO3--Mg2+·Ca2+; SO42--Ca2+ and SO42--Ca2+·Mg2+; Cl--Ca2+; and CO32--Na+. The deteriorations of groundwater quality due to the increase of TDS, NO3-+ NO2-(as Nitrogen) and TH contents have been observed from 1991 to 1998. Scatter analyses showed strong positive correlations between Ca2+, Cl-and NO3-ions and weak negative correlations between the depth of water table and Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-and NO3-ions. A mapping of contaminant index based on Chinese standard of groundwater showed that a large proportion of the groundwater in 1998 was deteriorated by human process. Despite their low values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the most of the sampled wells were not suitable for drinking and agriculture purposes due to higher contents of NO3-, NO2-and Mn2+ ions.展开更多
The research performed statistical analysis on 186 data concerning the amount of discharged industrial wastewater, the amount of oxygen demand of industrial wastewater, the amount of ammonia and nitrogen discharged fr...The research performed statistical analysis on 186 data concerning the amount of discharged industrial wastewater, the amount of oxygen demand of industrial wastewater, the amount of ammonia and nitrogen discharged from industries, the amount of urban discharged domestic sewage, the amount of daily life chemical oxygen demand, and the amount of domestic ammonia and nitrogen to explore source of pollutants from wastewater and guarantee urban water quality.Factor analysis was then performed with SPSS according to discharge quantity of pollutants. The results should that the major pollutants are from domestic sewage it is expected scientific suggestions be proposed on water quality in our country.展开更多
The present study is conducted in the scenario of the tannery waste hazards in Kasur district of Pakistan where the tannery industry is considered as major cause of groundwater quality deterioration, Area focused in t...The present study is conducted in the scenario of the tannery waste hazards in Kasur district of Pakistan where the tannery industry is considered as major cause of groundwater quality deterioration, Area focused in this research constitutes the surroundings of the effluent carrying drains near tannery units. This study includes soil explorations, groundwater monitoring and wastewater analysis in the research area so as to find out the contamination extent of chromium in subsurface. Initial groundwater monitoring exhibited chromium concentrations as high as 90 mg/L in the tannery area. Even groundwater sampling from monitoring wells installed in the adjacent areas of effluent carrying drains, showed concentrations up to 10.4 mg/L. Wastewater analysis of all the drains in the research area has evidenced potential risk of contaminant seepage into soil and groundwater as level of chromium in wastewater samples has reported to be immensely high and varies from 68 mg/L to 2,152 mg/L. However the 30 soil samples collected from two soil bores did not show any significant results as the maximum values obtained for hexavalent chromium for leaching and retained in soil are 0.02 mg/L and 8.1 mg/kg, respectively. These low concentrations of soil samples suggest that the soil contamination may not be a main environmental issue in the areas adjacent to the effluent carrying drains, The research concludes as possibility of direct interference of the tannery wastewater with groundwater through damaged structures and sewers.展开更多
The increase in anthropogenic activities occur along the upstream of Citarum River Basin （CRB） in Bandung regency had a negative impact to the water quality caused by the presence of human activity, it will be able ...The increase in anthropogenic activities occur along the upstream of Citarum River Basin （CRB） in Bandung regency had a negative impact to the water quality caused by the presence of human activity, it will be able to be a disruption to the ecosystem aquatic. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the physical and chemical parameters of water and sediment to the presence of macrozoobenthos populations. Based on the result of Pearson Correlation Analysis （PCA）, the parameters of COD, TOC and silt composition were the highest correlation to the macrozoobenthos population density, the value were 0.966, 0.865 and 0.576. Although PCA analysis is used to determine the relationship between the parameters of water, sediment and sediment particle distribution, the result showed that the water parameters were the mayor component affected the density of macrozoobenthos. While based on the composition of sediment, it is found that substrate as silt, clay and gravel and phosphate parameter affected the density of macrozoobenthos. The measurement of water quality also were calculated by Biotic Monitoring Working Party-Average Score Per Taxon （BMWP-ASPT） index showed that the quality were polluted condition, although by Pollution Index （IP） method showed as a light polluted category.展开更多
Detection of waterborne pathogens in drinking water via rapid DNA amplification assays is an important and crucial public health method. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of waterborne pathogens in ...Detection of waterborne pathogens in drinking water via rapid DNA amplification assays is an important and crucial public health method. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of waterborne pathogens in groundwater resources in Al Arroub, Tulkarem and Jericho areas using direct PCR （polymerase chain reaction） analysis. Forty-six groundwater samples were collected. The total DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to PCR analysis directed to specific genes of enteric bacteria, β-lactamases producing bacteria, L. pneumophila （Legionella pneumophila） and H. pylori （Helicobacter pylori）. Enteric bacteria were detected with high frequency in Palestinian water sources followed by 13% occurrence of β-lactamases producing bacteria, 9% of H. pylori and 4% of L. pneumophila. The study shows that shallow groundwater wells and water taped from karstic aquifer is potential for contamination and could not be reliable sources of potable water.展开更多
The study was conducted to assess the effect of evaporation ponds of an ethanol distillery spent wash on groundwater, with a reference to heavy metal contamination. The distillery discharging 11,880 m3 spent wash per ...The study was conducted to assess the effect of evaporation ponds of an ethanol distillery spent wash on groundwater, with a reference to heavy metal contamination. The distillery discharging 11,880 m3 spent wash per day is extremely loaded with minerals and chemical oxygen demanding organic substances. The groundwater around the evaporation ponds is used for drinking and irrigation purposes. Thirty-five representative samples （three spent wash, two drainage water and 30 groundwater） were examined for 13 different parameters： pH, TDS （total dissolved solids）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, the heavy metal Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb and As concentrations. The physico-chemical parameters were found in following range pH 7.2-7.7 ＆ 6.8-7.7, TDS 24,448-28,608 mg/L ＆ 302-4,406 mg/L, COD 20,080-24,320 mg/L ＆ 0.0-53 mg/L, Cd 190-140 μg/L ＆ 1.5-8.7 μg/L, Co 1,240-1,987 μg/L ＆ 20.5-87.2 μg/L, Cr 1,020-1,330 μg/L ＆ 14.4-38.1 μg/L, Cu 5,200-6,300 μg/L ＆ 15.0-109.3 μg/L, Fe 2,910-3,242 μg/L ＆ 0-860 μg/L, Mn 49,900-59,500 μg/L ＆ 16.3-138.7 μg/L, Ni 1,430-1,760 μg/L ＆ 8.0-107.7 μg/L, Zn 3,359-5,250 μg/L ＆ 0.0-850 μg/L, Pb 8.9-9.8 μg/L ＆ BD （below detection）-8.7 μg/L, As 5.0 μg/L ＆ BD-10.0 μg/L for spent wash and groundwater samples, respectively. The drainage water samples had parameters within limits for industrial effluents. The spent wash samples contained metal ions higher than the permissible limits for industrial effluents and the samples of groundwater collected around the evaporation ponds contained higher concentrations of metal ions as compared to samples collected away from the evaporation ponds. Coefficient of correμtion among 11 parameters was calcuμted and contamination index was also determined, 33.3% of groundwater samples mostly collected around evaporation ponds had a contamination index above 3 and are considered extremely polluted.展开更多
Physico-chemical and biological data on water and sediments were collected from Mandovi and Zuari Rivers of Goa along the central west coast of India from 2007 to 2008 to understand the impact of developmental activit...Physico-chemical and biological data on water and sediments were collected from Mandovi and Zuari Rivers of Goa along the central west coast of India from 2007 to 2008 to understand the impact of developmental activities on the riverine environments. Factor analysis of the data segregated over high and low tides indicated a total of 6 factors each explaining 91% of variance during high tide and 84% of variance during low tide in Mandovi River. In Zuari River, a total of 6 factors explained 83% of variance during high tide and 4 factors explained 78% of variance during low tide. Factor analyses showed the dominance of nitrite and nitrate in Mandovi and of lead and mercury in Zuari. Higher inputs of anthropogenic ammonia and phenols associated with some phosphate were found in both these rivers. Water quality index （WQI） studies showed increasing overall index of pollution （OIP） values especially in the upstream of Zuari River, suggesting slightly polluted water. Increasing developmental activities along the banks of these rivers introduce domestic and anthropogenic nutrients and trace metals in their estuarine region, which flush out to the sea as per tidal currents, which otherwise can hamper the natural environments of these two rivers.展开更多
Diuron is frequently detected in surface- and groundwater under the vineyards, where organic amendments are often used, in Burgundy of France. Undisturbed column experiments were conducted to study the influence of th...Diuron is frequently detected in surface- and groundwater under the vineyards, where organic amendments are often used, in Burgundy of France. Undisturbed column experiments were conducted to study the influence of three composted organic amendments on diuron leaching through columns of two vineyard soils from Vosne-Roman′ee(VR, calcareous Cambisol) and Beaujolais(Bj, sandy Leptosol), France. Bromide(used as non-reactive tracer) and diuron breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed using convectivedispersive equation(CDE), two-region(mobile-immobile, MIM) and two-site models. No influence of the composts was observed on the bromide recovery rates. The CDE model described well the bromide BTCs for all columns of the Bj soil and seven of the VR soil, suggesting a homogeneous water flow. However, for five VR soil columns, the MIM model fitted better, suggesting a partition of the water flow(15%–50% of matrix flow). The texture, the coarse material content and the tillage of the VR soil could explain this heterogeneity. However, for all columns, diuron leaching was greater through the Bj soil(46%–68%) than the VR soil(28%–39%). The compost addition resulted in a contrasting effect on diuron leaching: no difference or a decrease was observed for the VR soil, probably due to an increase of adsorption sites, whereas no difference or an increase was observed for the Bj soil possibly because of interactions and/or competition of diuron with the compost water-extractable organic matter which could facilitate its transport. All the diuron BTCs were best described using the two-site model, suggesting a large proportion of time-dependent sorption sites(30%–50%). The soil type and the nature of the amendments had contrasting influences on diuron transport. Composts with a high water-soluble fraction must be avoided in sandy soils to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination.展开更多
文摘Groundwater in Changchun City, Jilin Province of China tends to be influenced by human activities. Chemical types of groundwater were detected in both shallow and deep groundwater were: HCO3--Ca2+ and HCO3--Ca2+·Mg2+ or HCO3--Mg2+·Ca2+; SO42--Ca2+ and SO42--Ca2+·Mg2+; Cl--Ca2+; and CO32--Na+. The deteriorations of groundwater quality due to the increase of TDS, NO3-+ NO2-(as Nitrogen) and TH contents have been observed from 1991 to 1998. Scatter analyses showed strong positive correlations between Ca2+, Cl-and NO3-ions and weak negative correlations between the depth of water table and Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-and NO3-ions. A mapping of contaminant index based on Chinese standard of groundwater showed that a large proportion of the groundwater in 1998 was deteriorated by human process. Despite their low values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the most of the sampled wells were not suitable for drinking and agriculture purposes due to higher contents of NO3-, NO2-and Mn2+ ions.
文摘The research performed statistical analysis on 186 data concerning the amount of discharged industrial wastewater, the amount of oxygen demand of industrial wastewater, the amount of ammonia and nitrogen discharged from industries, the amount of urban discharged domestic sewage, the amount of daily life chemical oxygen demand, and the amount of domestic ammonia and nitrogen to explore source of pollutants from wastewater and guarantee urban water quality.Factor analysis was then performed with SPSS according to discharge quantity of pollutants. The results should that the major pollutants are from domestic sewage it is expected scientific suggestions be proposed on water quality in our country.
文摘The present study is conducted in the scenario of the tannery waste hazards in Kasur district of Pakistan where the tannery industry is considered as major cause of groundwater quality deterioration, Area focused in this research constitutes the surroundings of the effluent carrying drains near tannery units. This study includes soil explorations, groundwater monitoring and wastewater analysis in the research area so as to find out the contamination extent of chromium in subsurface. Initial groundwater monitoring exhibited chromium concentrations as high as 90 mg/L in the tannery area. Even groundwater sampling from monitoring wells installed in the adjacent areas of effluent carrying drains, showed concentrations up to 10.4 mg/L. Wastewater analysis of all the drains in the research area has evidenced potential risk of contaminant seepage into soil and groundwater as level of chromium in wastewater samples has reported to be immensely high and varies from 68 mg/L to 2,152 mg/L. However the 30 soil samples collected from two soil bores did not show any significant results as the maximum values obtained for hexavalent chromium for leaching and retained in soil are 0.02 mg/L and 8.1 mg/kg, respectively. These low concentrations of soil samples suggest that the soil contamination may not be a main environmental issue in the areas adjacent to the effluent carrying drains, The research concludes as possibility of direct interference of the tannery wastewater with groundwater through damaged structures and sewers.
文摘The increase in anthropogenic activities occur along the upstream of Citarum River Basin （CRB） in Bandung regency had a negative impact to the water quality caused by the presence of human activity, it will be able to be a disruption to the ecosystem aquatic. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the physical and chemical parameters of water and sediment to the presence of macrozoobenthos populations. Based on the result of Pearson Correlation Analysis （PCA）, the parameters of COD, TOC and silt composition were the highest correlation to the macrozoobenthos population density, the value were 0.966, 0.865 and 0.576. Although PCA analysis is used to determine the relationship between the parameters of water, sediment and sediment particle distribution, the result showed that the water parameters were the mayor component affected the density of macrozoobenthos. While based on the composition of sediment, it is found that substrate as silt, clay and gravel and phosphate parameter affected the density of macrozoobenthos. The measurement of water quality also were calculated by Biotic Monitoring Working Party-Average Score Per Taxon （BMWP-ASPT） index showed that the quality were polluted condition, although by Pollution Index （IP） method showed as a light polluted category.
文摘Detection of waterborne pathogens in drinking water via rapid DNA amplification assays is an important and crucial public health method. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of waterborne pathogens in groundwater resources in Al Arroub, Tulkarem and Jericho areas using direct PCR （polymerase chain reaction） analysis. Forty-six groundwater samples were collected. The total DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to PCR analysis directed to specific genes of enteric bacteria, β-lactamases producing bacteria, L. pneumophila （Legionella pneumophila） and H. pylori （Helicobacter pylori）. Enteric bacteria were detected with high frequency in Palestinian water sources followed by 13% occurrence of β-lactamases producing bacteria, 9% of H. pylori and 4% of L. pneumophila. The study shows that shallow groundwater wells and water taped from karstic aquifer is potential for contamination and could not be reliable sources of potable water.
文摘The study was conducted to assess the effect of evaporation ponds of an ethanol distillery spent wash on groundwater, with a reference to heavy metal contamination. The distillery discharging 11,880 m3 spent wash per day is extremely loaded with minerals and chemical oxygen demanding organic substances. The groundwater around the evaporation ponds is used for drinking and irrigation purposes. Thirty-five representative samples （three spent wash, two drainage water and 30 groundwater） were examined for 13 different parameters： pH, TDS （total dissolved solids）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, the heavy metal Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb and As concentrations. The physico-chemical parameters were found in following range pH 7.2-7.7 ＆ 6.8-7.7, TDS 24,448-28,608 mg/L ＆ 302-4,406 mg/L, COD 20,080-24,320 mg/L ＆ 0.0-53 mg/L, Cd 190-140 μg/L ＆ 1.5-8.7 μg/L, Co 1,240-1,987 μg/L ＆ 20.5-87.2 μg/L, Cr 1,020-1,330 μg/L ＆ 14.4-38.1 μg/L, Cu 5,200-6,300 μg/L ＆ 15.0-109.3 μg/L, Fe 2,910-3,242 μg/L ＆ 0-860 μg/L, Mn 49,900-59,500 μg/L ＆ 16.3-138.7 μg/L, Ni 1,430-1,760 μg/L ＆ 8.0-107.7 μg/L, Zn 3,359-5,250 μg/L ＆ 0.0-850 μg/L, Pb 8.9-9.8 μg/L ＆ BD （below detection）-8.7 μg/L, As 5.0 μg/L ＆ BD-10.0 μg/L for spent wash and groundwater samples, respectively. The drainage water samples had parameters within limits for industrial effluents. The spent wash samples contained metal ions higher than the permissible limits for industrial effluents and the samples of groundwater collected around the evaporation ponds contained higher concentrations of metal ions as compared to samples collected away from the evaporation ponds. Coefficient of correμtion among 11 parameters was calcuμted and contamination index was also determined, 33.3% of groundwater samples mostly collected around evaporation ponds had a contamination index above 3 and are considered extremely polluted.
文摘Physico-chemical and biological data on water and sediments were collected from Mandovi and Zuari Rivers of Goa along the central west coast of India from 2007 to 2008 to understand the impact of developmental activities on the riverine environments. Factor analysis of the data segregated over high and low tides indicated a total of 6 factors each explaining 91% of variance during high tide and 84% of variance during low tide in Mandovi River. In Zuari River, a total of 6 factors explained 83% of variance during high tide and 4 factors explained 78% of variance during low tide. Factor analyses showed the dominance of nitrite and nitrate in Mandovi and of lead and mercury in Zuari. Higher inputs of anthropogenic ammonia and phenols associated with some phosphate were found in both these rivers. Water quality index （WQI） studies showed increasing overall index of pollution （OIP） values especially in the upstream of Zuari River, suggesting slightly polluted water. Increasing developmental activities along the banks of these rivers introduce domestic and anthropogenic nutrients and trace metals in their estuarine region, which flush out to the sea as per tidal currents, which otherwise can hamper the natural environments of these two rivers.
文摘Diuron is frequently detected in surface- and groundwater under the vineyards, where organic amendments are often used, in Burgundy of France. Undisturbed column experiments were conducted to study the influence of three composted organic amendments on diuron leaching through columns of two vineyard soils from Vosne-Roman′ee(VR, calcareous Cambisol) and Beaujolais(Bj, sandy Leptosol), France. Bromide(used as non-reactive tracer) and diuron breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed using convectivedispersive equation(CDE), two-region(mobile-immobile, MIM) and two-site models. No influence of the composts was observed on the bromide recovery rates. The CDE model described well the bromide BTCs for all columns of the Bj soil and seven of the VR soil, suggesting a homogeneous water flow. However, for five VR soil columns, the MIM model fitted better, suggesting a partition of the water flow(15%–50% of matrix flow). The texture, the coarse material content and the tillage of the VR soil could explain this heterogeneity. However, for all columns, diuron leaching was greater through the Bj soil(46%–68%) than the VR soil(28%–39%). The compost addition resulted in a contrasting effect on diuron leaching: no difference or a decrease was observed for the VR soil, probably due to an increase of adsorption sites, whereas no difference or an increase was observed for the Bj soil possibly because of interactions and/or competition of diuron with the compost water-extractable organic matter which could facilitate its transport. All the diuron BTCs were best described using the two-site model, suggesting a large proportion of time-dependent sorption sites(30%–50%). The soil type and the nature of the amendments had contrasting influences on diuron transport. Composts with a high water-soluble fraction must be avoided in sandy soils to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination.
