水泥/石灰和土壤固化剂复合改良膨胀土试验研究

采用水泥/石灰和BJ-W土壤固化剂对安徽地区膨胀土进行了改良试验研究。依据液限、塑限和自由膨胀率试验初步选定改良膨胀土的配合比范围,并通过胀缩总率、无侧限抗压强度和稳定性试验,进一步分析了改良膨胀土的性能变化规律。试验结果表明,掺入水泥/石灰和BJ-W土壤固化剂复合改良中、弱膨胀土时,液限逐渐减小,塑限逐渐增大,自由膨胀率降低到40%以下,且胀缩总率低于0.7%;无侧限抗压强度和稳定性试验中,改良膨胀土的强度和水稳系数(>80%)显著增加,且经过5次干湿循环后,改良膨胀土的强度衰减率小于20%,膨胀土的反复胀缩特性显著改善。综合考虑改良膨胀土的胀缩和强度特性,采用水泥和BJ-W土壤固化剂复合改良膨胀土效果最佳,中膨胀土最优配合比为7%水泥和0.02%BJ-W土壤固化剂,弱膨胀土最优配合比为6%水泥和0.02%BJ-W土壤固化剂。

硅灰改性水泥/石灰砂浆微观结构的研究

以水泥和石灰为胶凝材料,中细砂为集料,再掺加有机聚合物流化剂制成水泥/石灰砂浆,水泥/石灰砂浆中添加外加剂的文献资料很少,通常是有关水泥砂浆的研究。本实验用硅灰取代10%(质量分数)的普通硅酸盐水泥,水泥、石灰和砂子的质量比为3:1:12,外加有机聚合物对砂浆改性,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和压汞仪对浆体进行微观分析。分析结果显示,由于硅灰的加入,浆体内部水化产物在早期先以Ⅲ型CSH凝胶的形式出现,随后,Ⅲ型和Ⅰ型的CSH凝胶以并存的形式在水化后期出现;正如预期的那样,试样的总的孔隙率也比没加硅灰前有了大幅度的下降,而抗压强度的提高在水化后期才表现出来。

镉污染土在水泥-粉煤灰-石灰共同作用下固化效果及孔隙特征

基于固化稳定法(S/S)在重金属污染场地处理方面的技术和研究,将硝酸镉(Cd^(2+))掺入土体模拟污染土,根据正交试验设计掺入不同含量水泥、粉煤灰、石灰组成的固化剂,压实成型后分别养护7、28、60、90 d,通过测定无侧限抗压强度、淋滤浸出重金属浓度和固化孔隙范围比例,探讨不同镉离子浓度、固化掺量配比和养护龄期对其影响。试验结果表明:随着固化剂掺量和养护龄期的增加,其无侧限抗压强度显著增强,重金属浸出率降低,趋于稳定;水泥对无侧限抗压强度影响显著性最大,水泥-粉煤灰-石灰掺量为8%-6%-6%时对抗压强度较为有利;28 d固化土其孔径主要分布于0.01~1μm,结构致密;10μm以上孔隙比例增加,导致强度降低,淋滤浸出浓度偏高,不利于固化水化产物填充。

Early calcium monocarboaluminate hydrate formation in cement paste:effect of polycarboxylate type admixture

Effects of polycarboxylate type admixture（PCA）on calcium monocarboaluminate hydrate（AFmc）formation in hydrated cement paste containing limestone filler（LF）are investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）,the scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,the derivative thermogravimetric（DTG）analysis and the adsorption amount measurement.Experimental results indicate that AFmc forms during the initial hydration period of cement as early as 15 min.It is found that PCA accelerates the early age AFmc formation and enhances cement hydration by promoting C4AF hydration at the early age,and,as a consequence,the iron associated AFmc phase forms more readily.The phenomenon is not observed when PCA is replaced by a naphthalene formaldehyde sulphonate condensate water reducer.Compatibility between PCA and cement is modified due to the presence of AFmc along with ettringite（AFt）,which results in a less adsorption amount of PCA on the surface of cement minerals.As a kind of high-range water reducer,PCA may be the preferred choice for concrete containing LF.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of cementitious material with TiO_2@Ag modified fly ash micro-aggregates

A TiO2 photocatalyst is coated on the surface of a zeolite fly ash bead（ZFAB） to improve its dispersability and exposure degree in a cement system.The application of Ag particles in TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious materials is to further enhance the photocatalytic performance.Various Ag@TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious specimens with different Ag dosages are prepared and the characteristics and photocatalytic performance of the prepared samples are investigated.It is observed that the multi-level pore structure of ZFAB can improve the exposure degree of TiO2 in a cement system and is also useful to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency.With an increment of the amounts of Ag particles in the TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious samples,the photocatalytic activities increased first and then decreased.The optimal Ag@TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious sample reveals the maximum reaction rate constant for degrading benzene（9.91×10^-3 min^-1）,which is approximately 3 and 10 times higher than those of TiO2/ZFAB and TiO2 modified samples,respectively.This suggests that suitable Ag particles coupled with a ZFAB carrier could effectively enhance the photocatalytic effects and use of TiO2 in a cement system.Thus,ZFAB as a carrier could provide a potential method for a high efficiency engineering application of TiO2 in the construction field.

Effect of Additives on the Morphology of the Hydrated Product and Physical Properties of a Calcium Phosphate Cement

The morphology of a hydrated calcium phosphate cement （CPC） doped with several normally used additives was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the compressive strength of the cement was determined in this study. The hydrated products of CPC without additives was rod-like hydroxyapatite （HA） grains with around 2-5 μm in length and 100 nm in width. The addition of Sr obviously decreased the crystal size of the rod-like grains. CPCs containing carbonate, collagen and gelatin showed flake-like crystal morphology. Crylic acid-containing CPC presented flocculus-like structure. And malic acid-containing CPC exhibited oriented flake-like structure. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis showed that the additives used in this study did not alter the hydration products of the cement. The compressive strength tests indicated that the compressive strength of the cement with rod-like morphology HA crystals was much higher than that of the cement with flake-like morphology HA crystals, and the cement with oriented flake-like morphology HA crystals exhibited the poorest compressive strength.

Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

Incorporating Simulated Zinc Ash by Kaolinite-and Sludge-based Ceramics:Phase Transformation and Product Leachability

Zinc is one of the hazardous metals commonly found in municipal solid waste incineration （MSWI） ash, and this study reveals the stabilization mechanisms when sintering zinc-laden ash and ceramic precursors as a waste-to-resource strategy. Using ZnO to simulate the zinc-laden ash and sintering with kaolinite and mullite ce- ramic precursors, both zinc aluminate spinel （ZnA1204） and willemite （Zn2SiO4） phases were found in the products under the tested thermal conditions. The results also indicate that kaolinite and mullite precursors exhibit different incorporation behavior, and ZnA1204 and Zn2SiO4 were found to be competitive as the Zn-hosting phases in the system. A prolonged leaching test was used to evaluate the leachability of potential product phases in the system. The concentrations of zinc in ZnO and Zn2SiO4 leachates were about two orders of magnitude higher than that in ZnA1204 leachate, indicating the preference of forming ZnA1204 for zinc stabilization. Furthermore, the alumi- num-rich sludge generated from waterworks could be beneficially used as a material resource to stabilize zinc in this study. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） pattern collected from the 1150 ~C and 3-h sintered sample shows the suc- cess of incorporating zinc into the ZnA1204 spinel structure with waterworks sludge precursor. The formation of ZnA1204 indicates a strong potential for employing aluminum- and silicon-based materials to thermally immobilize zinc and achieve the beneficial use of metal-laden MSWI ash.

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craflwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage （the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum） is 1：1：6-1：1：8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%-63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7 × 10^6 yuan （RMB）, only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system.

Lateral displacement of silty clay under cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments: Analytical consideration and field evidence

Based on back analysis of lateral displacements measured in situ by using the analytical solution, a useful method for estimating stress concentration ratio of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported(GRPS) embankments was proposed. In order to validate the proposed method, a full-scale high-speed railway embankment(HSRE) with four instrumented subsections over medium compressibility silty clay was constructed in three stages. The soil profile, construction procedure and monitoring of settlements and lateral displacements of the four test sections were described. The field deformation analysis results show that 1) the combined reinforcement of CFG piles and geosynthetic layer perform well in terms of reducing lateral displacements; 2) the development of lateral displacements lags behind the increase of fill load, which can be attributed to the vertical load transfer mechanism of the pile foundation; and 3) pile length has a dominant effect on the stress distribution proportion between piles and surrounding soils. The comparison between predicted and experimental results suggests that the proposed analytical solution and the back analysis-based method are capable of reasonably estimating the lateral deformation and the stress concentration ratio, respectively, if the appropriate soil elastic modulus is chosen.

Hydration Properties of Calcined Clay Pozzolan and Limestone Mineral Admixtures in Binary and Ternary Cements

This paper investigates the properties of hydrated binary and ternary blended cements using limestone and calcined clay pozzolan as supplementary cementitious materials. The blended cements were hydrated and their phase compositions were evaluated by thermogravimetric and powder X-ray diffraction at 28 days. The morphology of the samples was also determined. The water demand, setting time, compressive and flexural strengths of mortar and concrete samples were determined up to 365 days. The study concluded that the portlandite [Ca（OH）2] content was considerably reduced whilst ettfingite formation were enhanced as a result of admixture reactions. The water demand and setting times of blended cements were lower than OPC with 5% admixture content but higher with increasing content. The mechanical test results also showed that Class 42.5N and 32.5R cements can be produced from the binary and ternary blends containing up to 10% and 20% admixtures, respectively.

Grinding Properties of Abandoned Concrete

The grinding properties of abandoned concrete, which consists primarily of hardened cement, limestone aggregate and river sand, are studied. Theoretical models of grinding are used to explain the experimental observation. The results show that 1) The principle disintegration mechanism of hardened cement and river sand is volumetric grinding, although at later stages grinding of cement becomes difficult because of its flaked structure; 2) The lime- stone grinding process can be divided into two steps. First, volumetric grinding, with an obvious component of surface grinding, followed by primarily surface grinding as the micro-particle content increases; 3) Initially, the principle mechanism of grinding limestone and river sand is volumetric grinding, albeit less efficient grinding than if these components were ground separately, and; 4) After 10 to 20 min of grinding the grinding bottleneck phenomenon ap- pears and after 20 min of grinding the content of micro-particles is large and surface grinding is the main mechanism while the particle size of the mixture is smaller than that of separately ground river sand and cement but bigger than that of separately ground limestone.

Injectable Premixed Cement of Nanoapatite and Polyamide Composite

A new type of injectable premixed bone cement consisting of nano hydroxyapatite (n HA) and polyamide 66(PA66) composite is investigated. This cement can be handled as paste and easily shaped, which can set in air, in physiological saline solution and in blood. The setting time, injectability and compressive strength of the cement largely depend on the ratio of liquid to powder (L/P). Moreover, the content of n HA in composite also affects the compressive strength and injectability of the cement. The premixed composite cement can remain stable in the package for a long period and harden only after delivery to the defects site. The results suggest that injectable premixed cement has a reasonable setting time, reasonable viscosity for injecting, excellent washout resistance and high mechanical strength, which can be developed for root canal filling, sealing and various bone defects augmentation.

Effects of Limestone Powder on Rheological Properties of Cement - Fly Ash Mortar

This article studies the effects of limestone powder on rheological properties of cement - fly ash mortar with RHEOLAB QC type rotation viscometer. The Bingham fluid model is introduced to fit the yielding stress and plastic viscosity of the mortar. The POWER LAW fluid model is introduced to fit the rheological index of the mortar. The results show that, adding limestone powder and fly ash to the cement mortar significantly decreases the yield stress of the mortar, changes the plastic viscosity of the mortar, increases the rheological index, decreases the degree of shear thinning of the mortar, and thereby improves the mortar＇ s workability. In the case of cement - fly ash mortar, with the increase of limestone powder content, both the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the mortar increase. When the limestone powder content is not higher than 14%, the increase of yield stress is not significant. When the limestone powder content is lower than 8%, the increase of plastic viscosity is not significant. When the content of limestone powder is higher than 22%, the rheological index of the mortar decreases and the degree of shear thinning increases. The effects of limestone powder＇ s packing density, shape and size, specific surface area, and fluid volume, are found to be the four major factors responsible for the changes ofrheological properties of the mortar.

Development of limestone calcined clay cement concrete in South China and its bond behavior with steel reinforcement

Limestone calcined clay cement(LC^3),consisting of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)clinker,calcined clay,limestone powder,and gypsum,has been considered a promising solution to current challenges in the cement and concrete industry,such as high carbon emissions,high energy consumption,and resource shortages.This study carries out a series of experimental investigations of LC^3-based paste,mortar,and concrete,including microstructural analyses(e.g.hydration product characterization and pore structure analysis)and macro-scale testing(e.g.workability and mechanical properties),using raw materials from south China.The results show that,in LC^3 paste,the replacement of clinker by calcined clay and limestone leads to an increased volume of small pores but decreased total volume of pores.The workability of LC^3 mortar and concrete can be readily tailored using conventional superplasticizers.When designed for comparable 28-d compressive strength,the LC^3 mortar and concrete tend to have lower early-age compressive strength,but comparable compressive strength and higher flexural strength than those of the OPC counterparts at late ages.This study also examines the bond-slip behavior between LC^3 concrete and steel bars and finds that the bond strength is comparable to that of OPC concrete with the same 28-d compressive strength,but that the LC^3 concrete-rebar interface exhibits higher bond-slip stiffness.These findings on LC^3 concrete provide fundamental information and guidance for furthering the application of LC^3 binder in structural concrete in the near future.

Phytoavailability of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Sewage Sludge-Amended Calcareous Soils

The toxicity of trace elements （TEs）, such as copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, and cadmium （Cd）, often restrict land application of sewage sludge （SS） and there was little information about soil-plant transfer of TEs in SS from field experiments in China. In this study pot and field experiments were carried out for 2 years to investigate the phytoavailability of TEs in calcareous soils amended with SS. The results of the pot experiment showed that the phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in the SS was equal to 53.4%-80.9% and 54.8%-91.1% of corresponding water-soluble metal salts, respectively. The results from the field experiment showed that the contents of total Zn, Cu, and Cd in the soils increased linearly with SS application rates. With increasing SS application rates, the contents of Zn and Cu in the wheat grains initially increased and then reached a plateau, while there was no significant change of Cd content in the maize grains. The bioconcentration factors of the metals in the grains of wheat and maize were found to he in the order of Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Cd, but for the straw the order was Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Zn. It was also found that wheat grains could accumulate more metals compared with maize grains. The results will be helpful in developing the critical loads of sewage sludge applied to calcareous soils.