水泥/粉煤灰面层复合夹芯墙板的防水性能研究

以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板、水泥、粉煤灰、增强纤维和外加剂为主要原料,研制水泥/粉煤灰复合夹芯墙板。研究主要侧重于对水泥/粉煤灰复合夹芯墙板的防水性能进行改进。

镉污染土在水泥-粉煤灰-石灰共同作用下固化效果及孔隙特征

基于固化稳定法(S/S)在重金属污染场地处理方面的技术和研究,将硝酸镉(Cd^(2+))掺入土体模拟污染土,根据正交试验设计掺入不同含量水泥、粉煤灰、石灰组成的固化剂,压实成型后分别养护7、28、60、90 d,通过测定无侧限抗压强度、淋滤浸出重金属浓度和固化孔隙范围比例,探讨不同镉离子浓度、固化掺量配比和养护龄期对其影响。试验结果表明:随着固化剂掺量和养护龄期的增加,其无侧限抗压强度显著增强,重金属浸出率降低,趋于稳定;水泥对无侧限抗压强度影响显著性最大,水泥-粉煤灰-石灰掺量为8%-6%-6%时对抗压强度较为有利;28 d固化土其孔径主要分布于0.01~1μm,结构致密;10μm以上孔隙比例增加,导致强度降低,淋滤浸出浓度偏高,不利于固化水化产物填充。

综合集成研讨厅在大型工程物流中的应用——三峡工程散装水泥/粉煤灰实时调运指挥系统

大坝等大体积混凝土工程是三峡工程二期建设的核心,水泥、粉煤灰需求大、供应体系中生产厂家分散、装卸储运能力有限、环节众多、需求和供应具有不确定性、易发生异常,尤其是粉煤灰作为火电厂的一类副产品,产量随电力市场波动,品质难以统一,物资供应组织难度很大.基于从定性到定量的综合集成研讨厅原理,研发了三峡工程散装水泥、粉煤灰实时调运指挥系统,建立了由调度主管统一协调指挥和需、产、运、储、供、管等各方参与的工程物流调度指挥综合集成研讨厅——调度中心在调运指挥系统的多源信息环境和调度决策支持环境下,调度中心按照调度例会制度,综合运用信息集成、理论方法集成以及人机协同等方法,进行物资的常规调度和应急调度决策.该系统成功应用于三峡工程建设中,产生了明显的经济效益和社会效益,是综合集成研讨厅在大型工程物流中的典型应用案例.

水泥粉煤灰复合夹芯墙板的研制

以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板、水泥、粉煤灰、增强纤维和外加剂为主要原料生产的水泥/粉煤灰复合夹芯墙板,具有节能保温效果优异和工业废物粉煤灰利用率高的特点,初步探讨水泥/粉煤灰复合夹芯墙板的界面结合机理。

三乙醇胺对含玻璃粉复合水泥浆氯离子结合能力的影响

研究了三乙醇胺(TEA)对玻璃粉/粉煤灰/普通硅酸盐复合水泥浆氯离子结合能力的影响,并通过XRD、扫描电镜和热重分析对其机理进行了分析。试验结果表明,在玻璃粉复掺粉煤灰水泥浆中掺入TEA可以提高其7、14、28 d的氯离子结合能力,TEA的掺量为相对于胶凝材料质量的0.025%时,氯离子结合能力与对照组相比有显著的增长,随着TEA掺量继续增加至0.1%,氯离子结合量增幅减缓。XRD分析结果表明,TEA在7、14 d龄期时,掺量达到0.1%具有促进F盐形成的作用。TEA对复掺玻璃粉和粉煤灰水泥浆的氯离子结合能力的提高作用主要由物理结合能力的提高所导致。TEA具有破坏水泥浆中堆垛层状氢氧化钙晶体形成的作用,更加分散的氢氧化钙的分布有利于CSH凝胶的形成,可起到增大水泥浆氯离子物理结合能力的作用。

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of cementitious material with TiO_2@Ag modified fly ash micro-aggregates

A TiO2 photocatalyst is coated on the surface of a zeolite fly ash bead（ZFAB） to improve its dispersability and exposure degree in a cement system.The application of Ag particles in TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious materials is to further enhance the photocatalytic performance.Various Ag@TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious specimens with different Ag dosages are prepared and the characteristics and photocatalytic performance of the prepared samples are investigated.It is observed that the multi-level pore structure of ZFAB can improve the exposure degree of TiO2 in a cement system and is also useful to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency.With an increment of the amounts of Ag particles in the TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious samples,the photocatalytic activities increased first and then decreased.The optimal Ag@TiO2/ZFAB modified cementitious sample reveals the maximum reaction rate constant for degrading benzene（9.91×10^-3 min^-1）,which is approximately 3 and 10 times higher than those of TiO2/ZFAB and TiO2 modified samples,respectively.This suggests that suitable Ag particles coupled with a ZFAB carrier could effectively enhance the photocatalytic effects and use of TiO2 in a cement system.Thus,ZFAB as a carrier could provide a potential method for a high efficiency engineering application of TiO2 in the construction field.

玻化微珠和C/F对UHTCC力学性能的影响

文中通过抗压和三点弯曲试验,研究了玻化微珠掺量和水泥/粉煤灰比值(C/F)对UHTCC抗压和抗折性能的影响。试验结果表明,较大的C/F值和较低的玻化微珠掺量能提高UHTCC的抗压强度,但对抗折强度影响较小。适度控制C/F值并增加玻化微珠用量有利于提升UHTCC的变形能力,当C/F为1:4,玻化微珠掺量为73.3g/L,弯曲峰值应力对应挠度为3.4mm,玻化微珠的引入会造成更明显的多缝开裂。

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craflwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage （the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum） is 1：1：6-1：1：8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%-63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7 × 10^6 yuan （RMB）, only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system.

Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

Lateral displacement of silty clay under cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments: Analytical consideration and field evidence

Based on back analysis of lateral displacements measured in situ by using the analytical solution, a useful method for estimating stress concentration ratio of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported(GRPS) embankments was proposed. In order to validate the proposed method, a full-scale high-speed railway embankment(HSRE) with four instrumented subsections over medium compressibility silty clay was constructed in three stages. The soil profile, construction procedure and monitoring of settlements and lateral displacements of the four test sections were described. The field deformation analysis results show that 1) the combined reinforcement of CFG piles and geosynthetic layer perform well in terms of reducing lateral displacements; 2) the development of lateral displacements lags behind the increase of fill load, which can be attributed to the vertical load transfer mechanism of the pile foundation; and 3) pile length has a dominant effect on the stress distribution proportion between piles and surrounding soils. The comparison between predicted and experimental results suggests that the proposed analytical solution and the back analysis-based method are capable of reasonably estimating the lateral deformation and the stress concentration ratio, respectively, if the appropriate soil elastic modulus is chosen.

Influence of ultra-fine fly ash on hydration shrinkage of cement paste

Hydration shrinkage generated by cement hydration is the cause of autogenous shrinkage of high strength concrete. It may result in the volume change and even cracking of mortar and concrete. According to the data analysis in a series of experimental studies, the influence of ultra-fine fly ash on the hydration shrinkage of composite cementitious materials was investigated. It is found that ultra-fine fly ash can reduce the hydration shrinkage of cement paste effectively, and the more the ultra-fine fly ash, the less the hydration shrinkage. Compared with cement paste without the ultra-fine fly ash, the shrinkage ratio of cement paste reduces from 23.4% to 39.7% when the ultra-fine fly ash replaces cement from 20% to 50%. Moreover, the microscopic mechanism of the ultra-fine fly ash restraining the hydration shrinkage was also studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hydrated equations. The results show that the hydration shrinkage can be restrained to a certain degree because the ultra-fine fly ash does not participate in the hydration at the early stage and the secondary hydration products are different at the later stage.

Low-temperature Synthesis of Belite Cement from Reactive Mixtures Based on Coal Fly Ash

This paper summarizes the selected results of an extensive investigation of application of two methods （hydrothermal and mechanochemical） assisted by calcination for synthesizing belite cement from reactive mixtures （CaO/SiO2 molar ratio of 2） consisting of various waste kinds from fluidized brown coal combustion in Slovakian power plant and CaO addition. Based on XRD diffraction patterns and infrared spectra ofpre-treatment products, the formation of the new profiles corresponding to CSH phases with low degree of ordering as belite precursors after hydrothermal treatment as well as metastables calcium silicates and aluminosilicates in mechanosynthesized products was confirmed. Calcination of hydrothermally treated products led to transformation of CSH phases to wollastonite （CS）, belite and gehlenite phase, whereas creation oft^- and I^-C2S or wollastonite in milled reactive mixture took place. Differences in phase composition of products before and after calcination depend upon waste quality and precursor＇s synthesis conditions. Bottom ash isn＇t suitable as raw material for synthesizing belite phase because of high CaO content fixed in anhydrite form （44.1%）. Coal fly ash with low CaO content in anhydrite form （4.2%） and its mechanochemical or hydrothermal treatment in combination with subsequent heating offer opportunities for the utilization of coal fly ash as raw material for belite production.

Chloride diffusivity in flexural cracked Portland cement concrete and fly ash concrete beams

In order to examine the effect of load-induced transverse cracks on the chloride penetration in flexural concrete beams, two different concretes, Portland cement concrete(PCC) and fly ash concrete(FAC), were tested with various crack widths. Total 14 reinforced concrete(RC) beams, ten of which were self-anchored in a three-point bending mode, were immersed into a 5% NaCl solution with the condition of dry-wet cycles. Then, the free chloride ion contents were determined by rapid chloride testing(RCT) method. Based on the proposed analytical models of chloride penetration in sound and cracked concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles, the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and chloride diffusivity of concrete were discussed. It can be found that the performance of chloride diffusivity in both concretes will be improved with the increase of crack width, and that the influence of convection action will also be augmented. Based on the two samples obtained in sound concrete after 15 and 30 cycles, the time-exponent, m, for chloride diffusion coefficient was determined to be 0.58, 0.42, 0.62 and 0.77 for PCC1, PCC2, FAC1 and FAC2 specimens, respectively. Finally, two influencing factors of fly ash content and crack width on chloride diffusivity were obtained by regression analysis of test data, and it can be seen that factors kf and kw can be expressed with quadratic polynomial functions of fly ash content, f, and crack width, w, respectively.

Hydration mechanism of low quality fly ash in cement-based materials

The hydration mechanism of low quality fly ash in cement-based materials was investigated. The hydration heat of the composite cementitious materials was determined by isothermal calorimetry, and the hydration products, quantity, pore structure and morphology were measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermalgravity-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA), mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. The results indicate that grinding could not only improve the physical properties of the low quality fly ash on particle effect, but also improve hydration properties of the cementitious system from various aspects compared with raw low quality fly ash(RLFA). At the early stage of hydration, the low quanlity fly ash acts as almost inert material; but then at the later stage, high chemical activity, especially for ground low quality fly ash(GLFA), could be observed. It can accelerate the formation of hydration products containing more chemical bonded water, resulting in higher degree of cement hydration, thus denser microstructure and more reasonable pore size distribution, but the hydration heat in total is reduced. It can also delay the induction period, but the accelerating period is shortened and there is little influence on the second exothermic peak.

Adsorption properties of CFBC ash-cement pastes as compared with PCC fly ash-cement pastes

Circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） ash can be potentially used as supplementary cementitious materials for concrete production due to its desirable pozzolanic activity. The adsorption properties of CFBC ash-cement pastes were studied, and ordinary pulverized coal combustion （PCC） fly ash-cement pastes were used as control. The water-adsorption and superplasticizer （SP）-adsorption properties of the pastes were evaluated by water demand and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy respectively. The results show that CFBC ash-cement system has greater compressive strength as compared with PCC fly ash-cement system at a given curing age, although the water demand of the former is significantly higher than that of the latter. CFBC ash-cement pastes possess higher adsorption ability of aliphatic SP than PCC fly ash-cement pastes and the adsorption amount increases with an increase in ash replacement ratio. CFBC ash- cement pastes exhibit lower workability with higher slump loss. It is concluded that CFBC ash can be potentially used as supplementary cementitious material in concrete production, but the mix design of CFBC ash concrete needs to be appropriately adjusted. It is suggested that CFBC ash is used for the production of the concrete needing low flowability.

Effective Utilization of Coal Fly Ash in Building Material Production

This paper is aimed at verifying utilization possibilities of alkaline modified coal fly ash as cement replacement in the concrete. The influence of alkaline activated coal fly ash originating from Slovakian power plant in Novsky （Si/Al = 3,1） as a partial cement replacement in concrete on compressive strength of hardened composites after 28 and 90 days was investigated. Alkaline activation of coal fly ash was realized in an autoclave at 130 ℃ and pressure of 160 kPa during 5 hours and in a reactor under normal conditions （equal temperature during 36 hours） at solid/liquid ratio of 0.5. Coal fly ash/cement mixtures were prepared with 25 % cement replacement by starting and modified coal fly ash and given in forms. Compressive strengths of composites after 28 and 90 days of hardening were compared to referential composite without coal fly ash and evaluated according to the standard of STN EN 450 by the value of relative strength KR （compressive strength of coal fly ash/cement composite to compressive strength of comparative concrete）. The final compressive strengths of hardened composites based on alkaline activated coal fly ash reached values in the range of 6 up to 50 MPa. In the set of experimental composites based on alkaline activated coal fly ashes, the highest value of relative strength after 28- and 90- days of hardening reached composite with cement replacement by coal fly ash zeolitized in autoclave （105% of compressive strength of referential sample）, what is connected with formation of zeolitic phases on surface of coal fly ash particles. The achieved results confirm that alkaline activation of coal fly ash in an autoclave under observed conditions can be successfully used as a partial cement replacement in concrete of C20/25 and C25/30 in accordance with requirements of standards （STN EN 450 and STN EN 206）.

Effects of Limestone Powder on Rheological Properties of Cement - Fly Ash Mortar

This article studies the effects of limestone powder on rheological properties of cement - fly ash mortar with RHEOLAB QC type rotation viscometer. The Bingham fluid model is introduced to fit the yielding stress and plastic viscosity of the mortar. The POWER LAW fluid model is introduced to fit the rheological index of the mortar. The results show that, adding limestone powder and fly ash to the cement mortar significantly decreases the yield stress of the mortar, changes the plastic viscosity of the mortar, increases the rheological index, decreases the degree of shear thinning of the mortar, and thereby improves the mortar＇ s workability. In the case of cement - fly ash mortar, with the increase of limestone powder content, both the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the mortar increase. When the limestone powder content is not higher than 14%, the increase of yield stress is not significant. When the limestone powder content is lower than 8%, the increase of plastic viscosity is not significant. When the content of limestone powder is higher than 22%, the rheological index of the mortar decreases and the degree of shear thinning increases. The effects of limestone powder＇ s packing density, shape and size, specific surface area, and fluid volume, are found to be the four major factors responsible for the changes ofrheological properties of the mortar.

Properties prediction of fly ash blended concrete using hydration model

Fly ash is an industrial by-product from coal combustion and has been widely used as mineral admixture in normal and high strength concretes. Owing to the pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide and fly ash, compared with Portland cement, the hydration of concrete containing fly ash is much more complex. In this paper, by considering the production of calcium hydroxide in cement hydration and its consumption in the pozzolanic reaction, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the hydration of concrete containing fly ash. Similar to the hydration reaction of cement, fly ash activity is divided into three processes: an initial dormant period, a phase-boundary reaction process and a diffusion process. The mutual interactions between the cement hydration and fly ash reaction are considered through the available calcium hydroxide amount and available capillary water amount in the system. The properties of hardening fly ash blended concrete, such as the reaction degree of fly ash, chemically bound water, calcium hydroxide, and compressive strength, are determined from the contributions of cement hydration and fly ash pozzolanic reaction. The evaluated results show good accordance with the experimental results.