石灰、石膏和水泥协同作用对提铝后粉煤灰蒸压砖力学性能影响的研究

提铝后的粉煤灰废渣会产生二次排放,严重污染环境。利用提铝后的CFB粉煤灰废渣制备出蒸压砖,研究了石灰-石膏双掺、石灰-石膏-水泥三掺协同作用对蒸压砖力学性能的影响,并利用SEM进行了微观结构分析,利用XRD水化产物分析,试验结果表明石灰-石膏-水泥协同作用能显著提高提铝后粉煤灰蒸压砖的力学性能。

秸秆灰激发钢渣活性对水泥的作用

秸秆灰是以发电厂利用各种质物秸秆燃烧发电后排出的废渣;钢渣是冶炼钢铁时在1 500℃高温条件下产生的副产品。将秸秆灰、钢渣等废渣为原材料经配比成型、固化养护、自然干燥和烘干脱水形成产品,直接用于水泥中生产,减少了水泥熟料用量,提高了水泥强度和磨机粉磨效率,激发了钢渣早期水化性能,从而改善了秸秆灰需水量大和钢渣难磨无活性的特性。

水泥对乳化沥青冷再生材料性能影响的宏微观分析

为了研究水泥对乳化沥青冷再生材料性能的作用机理和确定水泥掺量的最佳范围,本研究对不同水泥掺量(0%~5%)的乳化沥青冷再生材料进行了微观形貌观测和化学成分分析,并对乳化沥青混合料性能进行宏观力学测试。通过扫描电镜测试和电子能谱分析表明:(1)扫描电镜观测到的纤维状晶体确实为水泥与混合料中的水相发生水化反应生成的水化产物,这些水泥水化产物和沥青形成的胶浆复合物在空间中呈立体网格结构;(2)水泥掺量为1%~2%时,水泥水化后的产物没有形成棱角分明的纤维晶体,呈圆柱状,纤维较短(<10μm),大多分布在5μm左右,当水泥掺量大于3%时,水化后的晶体分布致密,呈针状,纤维较长(部分水泥水化产物晶体长度> 20μm);(3)这些水泥水化产物对乳化沥青冷再生混合料具有"加筋"作用,能够提高乳化沥青冷再生混合料的早期强度。通过高温车辙试验、小梁低温弯曲试验及抗水损害试验研究发现:(1)乳化沥青冷再生混合料的高温稳定性和水稳定性随着水泥掺量的增加而提高;(2)低温性能随着水泥掺量的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化特性,当水泥掺量在1%~2%范围内,乳化沥青厂拌冷再生混合料性能最佳。

水泥制品生产过程的问题及对策 第四讲 自然养护需要注意的问题

水泥制品养护的目的,是提供适宜的硬化条件,使混凝土在浇捣后其强度逐步增长,达到预期的质量要求。养护分为自然养护和蒸汽养护。从我国水泥制品行业的现状来看。

高温高产井井口抬升及下沉风险分析研究

由高温热膨胀效应引发的井口抬升现象在各大油田普遍存在,严重威胁生产作业安全。基于多级传热理论,通过有限元方法模拟多级套管水泥环地层非线性传热过程及热膨胀现象,提出了一种新的井口抬升计算方法。以新疆油田某区块X1井为例,开展了不同工况下各级管柱井口风险评价分析。研究发现,在极限生产工况下,由于表层套管环空水泥环产生的封固作用,使得各级套管在井口位置处虽产生较大上顶力,但并不会发生井口抬升现象;而当表层套管水泥环存在一定程度缺失后,井口出现整体抬升现象,且在井口装置压重作用下,井口整体抬升量从0.03 m缩减至0.02 m。结果表明,该方法可以定量评价实际生产过程中井口安全性,对实际现场井口抬升计算及风险评价具有一定指导意义。

浅谈西藏混凝土的施工温度与裂缝防治措施

混凝土施工中,温度应力及温度控制具有重要意义。这主要有以下两方面的原因。首先,在施工中混凝土常常出现温度裂缝,影响到结构的整体性和耐久性。其次,在运转过程中,温度变化对结构应力状态具有显著的影响。我们遇到的主要是施工中的温度裂缝。西藏地处祖国的边疆地区,科学技术水平欠发达,在混凝土施工温度与裂缝防治措施方面往往采用内地的一些数据及办法,但有时候效果不是很理想,因此结合内地已有资料对西藏混凝土裂缝产生的原因以及预防措施进行对比研究是非常重要的。

高性能聚羧酸减水剂合成研究

为了节约能源和降低能耗,在模拟绝热的条件下,以异戊烯醇聚氧乙烯醚(TPEG)、丙烯酸(AA)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)为聚合单体,巯基乙酸(TGA)为链转移剂,在过硫酸铵-抗坏血酸(APS-Vc)氧化还原引发体系作用下,研究了高性能聚羧酸减水剂(PCE)的制备方法。考察了AA、SMAS和TGA用量对所得PCE分子结构及其性能的影响。结果表明,在n(TPEG)∶n(AA)∶n(SMAS)∶n(TGA)=1.00∶4.00∶0.20∶0.18,反应初始温度15℃、聚合时间4 h的条件下,所得的PCE重均相对分子质量为42688、数均相对分子质量36409、相对分子质量分布1.1725,且其固含量、水泥净浆流动度、坍落度和减水率均优于传统恒温聚合方式所得PCE;PCE在应用中可延缓水泥水化硬化过程,促进钙矾石的紧密排列,提高水泥的抗压和抗折等机械强度。

Influence of ultra-fine fly ash on hydration shrinkage of cement paste

Hydration shrinkage generated by cement hydration is the cause of autogenous shrinkage of high strength concrete. It may result in the volume change and even cracking of mortar and concrete. According to the data analysis in a series of experimental studies, the influence of ultra-fine fly ash on the hydration shrinkage of composite cementitious materials was investigated. It is found that ultra-fine fly ash can reduce the hydration shrinkage of cement paste effectively, and the more the ultra-fine fly ash, the less the hydration shrinkage. Compared with cement paste without the ultra-fine fly ash, the shrinkage ratio of cement paste reduces from 23.4% to 39.7% when the ultra-fine fly ash replaces cement from 20% to 50%. Moreover, the microscopic mechanism of the ultra-fine fly ash restraining the hydration shrinkage was also studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hydrated equations. The results show that the hydration shrinkage can be restrained to a certain degree because the ultra-fine fly ash does not participate in the hydration at the early stage and the secondary hydration products are different at the later stage.

Thermodynamic behaviors of Cu in interaction with chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus and minerals during sewage sludge co-incineration

Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to reveal effects of interactions among Cl, S, P and other minerals on Cu migration. Our results showed that HCl（g）, SO2（g） and （P2O5）2（g） were released from the sewage sludge co-incineration. Cl was found to weaken adsorption of Cu by Al2O3, CaO and Fe2O3, while S de- layed reactions of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 with Cu, with P having no effect on reactions between the minerals and Cu. Among the coupled systems ofCl, S and P, the co-existences of Cl and S, and Cl, S and P were determined to inhibit Cu volatilization, and the co-existence of Cl and P had an enhancing effect Cu migration was affected only by S in the S and P system. With the SiO2, CaO and Al2O3 system, both Cl alone and Cl and P led to failed reactions be- tween the minerals and Cu. In the systems of S, S and Cl, S and P, and S, Cl and P, the migration behavior of Cu was mainly affected by S at low temperatures and by Cl at high temperatures, whereas P had no effect on Cu mi- gration during the entire nrocess.

The Role of Diatomite Particles in the Activated Sludge System for Treating Coal Gasification Wastewater

Diatomite is a kind of natural low-cost mineral material. It has a number of unique physical properties and has been widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the aerobic biodegradation of coal gasification wastewater with and without diatomite addition. Experimental results indicated that diatomite added in the activated sludge system could promote the biomass and also enhance the performance of the sludge settling. The average mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids （MLVSS） is increased from 4055 mg.L^-1 to 4518 mg.L^-1 and the average settling volume （SV） are changed only from 45.9% to 47.1%. Diatomite additive could enhance the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total phenols removal from the wastewater. The COD removal increased from 73.3% to near 80% and the total phenols removal increased from 81.4% to 85.8%. The mechanisms of the increase of biomass and pollutants removal may correlates to the improvement of bioavailability and sludge settlement characteristics by diatomite added. Micrograph of the sludge in the diatomite-activated sludge system indicated that the diatomite added could be the carrier of the microbe and also affect the biomass and pollutant removal.

Weathering Characteristics of Sloping Fields in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

For the purpose of understanding the weathering characteristics of surface layers in purple mudstone sloping fields of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China, oxide content of major elements, composition of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, and difference in weathering characteristics of surface layers under different slope gradients were determined. The results showed that the oxide content of Si, Al, and Fe ranged from 60% to 75% and the weathering coefficient with depth showed no trend along the slope gradient. Also, for gentle (10° and 15°) and intermediate (25° and 40°) slopes the clay relative diffraction peak for kaolinite at the surface between 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm declined with an increase in slope gradient, while the relative diffraction peak for kaolinite in weathered layers on steep slopes (50° and 60°) disappeared altogether. Magnetic susceptibility decreased with increasing depth and, for a given depth layer, decreased with an increase in slope gradient. Analysis of the oxide content, weathering coefficients, clay minerals, and magnetic susceptibility showed that in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the pedogenesis of the weathering layer in purple mudstone sloping fields was weak with weaker soil formation going from gentle slope to steep slope.

冬季公路混凝土施工养护及模板拆除要点

一、混凝土的养护及模块拆除1.混凝土的养护。混凝土中水泥的水化过程,就是混凝土凝固、硬化和强度发育的过程,它与周围环境的温度、湿度有着密切的关系。当温度低于15℃时,混凝土的硬化速度开始减慢,而当温度降至-2℃以下时,硬化基本停止。在干燥的气候下,混凝土中的水分迅速蒸发,一方面会使混凝土表面剧烈收缩而导致裂缝,另一方面当游离水分全部蒸发后,水泥水化作用停止,混凝土便停止硬化。

Study on activity evaluation of activated coal-gangue and the hydration process

Chemical compositions, mineral compositions and the activated mechanism of the coal-gangue were analyzed. And pozzolana activities of the coal-gangue were evaluated after activated. Moreover, hydration heat and hydration compositions of activated coal-gangue-calcium oxide system, as well as hydration degree and hardened paste microstructures of activated coal-gangue-cement system were studied. Results show that pozzolana activities of the activated coal-gangue root in amorphous SiO2 and activated Al2O3. With the exciting of gypsum, the reaction of activated coal-gangue and Ca（OH） 2 would produce hydration products as ettringite, calcium silicate hydrate, and calcium aluminate. The relationship between the curing age and the content of Ca （OH）2 in coal-gangue-cement system was ascertained. Unhydrated particles in the coalogangue-cement paste were more than that in the neat cement paste at the same hydration periods, and even existed at the later stage of hydration. Furthermore, the activated coal-gangue could inhibit growth and gathering of the calcium oxide crystal, and improve the structure of hardened cement paste.

Application of Chitosan Flocculant to Conditioning Sludge

The dewaterability of activated sludge conditioned by chitosan flocculant was studied. The effects of chitosan characteristics such as molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and dose on the dewaterability were investigated. The sludge dewaterability is evaluated in terms of specific resistance to filtration, residual turbidity of supernatant, moisture content of cake, and settling rate. Sludge dehydrating behaviors conditioned with CTS, PAM and PAC flocculants were compared. The conditioning was also carried out with dual flocculants in two stages. It is found that the sludge conditioned with CTS has better dewaterability than that with PAC. The optimum conditions with chitosan are: dose 0.8 - 1.2 g per 100 g dry cake, molecular weight 300,000, and degree of deacetylation 70%. The conditioning in two stages with dual flocculants is found to be more effective than that with single flocculant.

浅议混凝土徐变

通过对混凝土徐变作用机理及影响因素的分析,指出徐变可消除钢筋混凝土内的应力集中,使应力较均匀的重新分布,对大体积混凝土能消除一部分由于温度变形所产生的破坏应力,但在预应力混凝土结构中,徐变将使混凝土的预加应力受到损失。

Activated Sludge Ozonation to Reduce Sludge Production in MBR

The total experimental period was divided into two stages. At the first stage, a series of batch studies were carried out to get an understanding of the effect of ozouation on sludge properties. At the following stages, three MBRs with different amounts of activated sludge to be ozonated were run in parallel for a long period to evaluate the influence of sludge ozonation on sludge yield and permeate quality. Through batch study, it was found that ozone could disrupt the cell walls and caused the release of plasm from the cells, then the amounts of soluble organics in the solution increased with ozouation time. With the rise of soluble organics, the amount of soluble organics to be mineralized increased as well, which would reduce the soluble organics content. For the counteraction between these two aspects, a pseudo-balanee could be achieved, and soluble organics would vary in a limited range. Sludge ozonation also increased the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the solution. In addition, ozouation was effective in improving sludge settling property. On the basis of batch study, a suitable ozone dosage of 0.16 kgO3/kgMLSS was determined. Three systems were run in parallel for a total period of 39 days, it was demonstrated that a part of activated sludge ozonation could reduce sludge production significantly, and biological perfonnanee of mineralization and nitrification would not be inhibited due to sludge ozouation. Experimental results proved that the combination of ozonation unit with MBR unit could achieve an excellent quality of permeate as well as a small quantity of sludge production, and economic analysis indicated that an additional ozonation operating cost for treatment of both wastewater and sludge was only 0.096Yuan （US$ 0.011,5 ）/m^3 wastewater.

建筑施工中混凝土强度的影响因素及控制方法

随着社会经济的发展和工程技术的进步,混凝土的高强度化已经成为近年来混凝土技术深化和发展的一个重要要方向。然而,高强度混凝土通常都是具有某些特殊性能要求或功能需求的匀质混凝土,因此其施工工艺也往往更为严格、细致。

大体积混凝土施工技术

某综合建筑工程中,主楼基础形式为筏板基础,属于大体积混凝土工程。为保证其施工质量,混凝土施工前对大体积混凝土产生裂缝的原因进行分析,并提出确保施工质量的控制措施。一、大体积混凝土产生裂缝的原因分析大体积混凝土浇筑后的初期,内部混凝土由于水泥水化作用产生放热反应而温度升高,且不易散热,但外部混凝土虽然也同样产生放热反应,由于容易散热,温度较低,故产生内外温差。

Interaction between Topographic Conditions and Entrainment Rate in Numerical Simulations of Debris Flow

Debris flow simulations are useful for predicting the sediment supplied to watersheds from upstream areas. However, the topographic conditions upstream are more complicated than those downstream and the relationship between the topographic conditions and debris flow initiation is not well understood. This study compared the use of several entrainment rate equations in numerical simulations of debris flows to examine the effect of topographic conditions on the flow. One-dimensional numerical simulations were performed based on the shallow water equations and three entrainment rate equations were tested. These entrainment rate equations were based on the same idea that erosion and the deposition of debris flows occur via the difference between the equilibrium and current conditions of debris flows, while they differed in the expression of the concentration, channel angle, and sediment amount. The comparison was performed using a straight channel with various channel angles and a channel with a periodically undulating surface. The three entrainment rate equations gave different amounts of channel bed degradation and hydrographs for a straight channel with a channel angle greater than 21° when water was supplied from upstream at a steady rate. The difference was caused by the expression of the entrainment rate equations. For channels with little undulation, the numerical simulations gave results almost identical to those for straight channels with the same channel angle. However, for channels with large undulations, the hydrographs differed from those for straight channels with the same channel angle when the channel angle was less than 21°. Rapid erosion occurred and the hydrograph showed a significant peak, especially in cases using the entrainment equation expressed by channel angle. This was caused by the effects of the steep undulating sections, since the effect increased with the magnitude of the undulation, suggesting that a debris flow in an upstream area develops differently according to the topographic conditions. These results also inferred that numerical simulations of debris flow can differ depending on the spatial resolution of the simulation domain, as the resolution determines the reproducibility of the undulations.