三岔管内水流流动的数值模拟与实验研究

结合江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站工程建设中钢岔管的设计要求 ,对分岔角为 6 4°的三岔管内水流的流动进行数值模拟与实验研究 .计算中选择SIMPLE方法求解三维雷诺平均方程和k -ε两方程湍流模型 ,实验采用数字图像测速 (DPIV)系统和在试验段前后断面上安装液体差压计对三岔管中心的水平面内的压强差进行测量 .研究结果表明 ,无论水头损失还是三岔管内水流的流动模式 ,计算与实验吻合得较好 ,同时反向双管流动较正向双管流动的能量损失大 ,在相同的流速情况下 ,单管流动比双管流动的能量损失大 ,正向单管比反向单管的能量损失大 .

节水承插式折角弯管水流流动特性研究

对DN50承插弯管进行流动特性试验研究,采用Relizablek-ε湍流模型对其数值模拟,数值模拟结果与试验吻合较好。接着对DN20、DN40、DN63、DN75规格45°、60°、90°折管水流进行了数值模拟,通过可视化分析发现,折角弯管流场在弯曲段下游发生回流现象,下游50 mm横截面处有一对对称、悬向相反的涡旋。随着弯折角度增加,回流范围和负压程度逐渐增加;折管局部阻力系数随雷诺数先减小而后逐渐趋于恒定,进入阻力平方区的45°、60°、90°折管局部阻力系数分别为0.213、0.462、1.127;采用动量方程计算了水流对弯管的冲击力,拟合了冲击力与流速的关系式,可对弯曲段水压力进行预测。

泵站弯道引水渠水流流动特性影响分析

结合泵站弯道引水渠工程设计,应用大型商业软件建立弯道引水渠水流三维数学模型,基于CFD数值模拟技术,分析了该泵站弯道引水渠水流流动特性。根据该泵站弯道引水渠三维水流水动力学的计算成果可得知,在设计水位下,泵站弯道引水渠水流流线弯曲进入进水池,降低各个机组水流流速均匀性,降低机组工作效率;弯道引水渠曲率半径需要控制在一定范围内,可通过CFD数值模拟或水工模型试验确定最优曲率半径;弯道引水渠相对于顺直引水渠水力特性较差,非特殊情况,不宜采用;采用弯道引水渠,要延长引水渠顺直段,直至水流流态平稳,流线顺直。本文研究成果对采用弯道引水渠的泵站设计具有一定的参考价值。

有限流动水域浮体结构对水流结构的影响

基于物理模型试验,研究浮体结构在有限流动水域运行过程中对下游水流流动结构产生的影响。在不同浮体结构位置及来流条件下,对下游水流结构特征断面的流速分布、流速不均匀系数以及回流区长度进行了测量分析。结果表明:浮体结构位置对流速分布及流速不均匀系数存在明显影响;来流条件的改变同样对两者有较大的影响,其影响随着来流流量的增大而增大;回流区的长度受浮体结构位置以及来流流量影响都较大。在实际工程中,应重点关注浮体结构位置及来流流量变化引起的水流流动结构改变。

基于水流与电流流动相似性的泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系

大庆G地区葡萄花油层具有高泥、复杂孔隙结构特征。建立该区葡萄花油层油水相对渗透率与电阻率之间关系必须考虑泥质对于岩石导电性以及渗流的影响。引入"三水"概念,将泥质岩石总孔隙水分成可动水、微孔隙水和黏土水,将可动水孔隙等效为n根毛细管组成,结合泊肃叶方程和达西定律,推导水相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及可动水流动等效曲折度之间的关系式。利用三孔隙导电模型推导只有可动流体孔隙存在的岩石电阻率增大系数与含水饱和度及可动水导电等效曲折度之间的关系式。再依据可动水水流与电流流动相似性原理建立泥质岩石水相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及电阻率增大系数之间的关系。依据可动流体孔隙各组分体积等量关系以及比面积概念推导出水相相对渗透率与油相相对渗透率关系式,得出泥质岩石油相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及电阻率增大系数之间的关系式。设计了岩石物理实验,保证储层孔隙结构和泥质含量在岩电和压汞实验测量中的一致性。利用泥质岩样的压汞实验数据根据Burdine模型获得水相和油相相对渗透率实验关系曲线,利用同一泥质岩样的岩电实验数据根据三孔隙导电模型获得假定只有流动孔隙存在的岩石电阻率增大系数值。泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系模型实验数据拟合,证明建立的泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系模型能够准确求取储层相对渗透率,可用于高含泥储层产水率测井解释。

浮体结构对下游水流结构影响

采用物理模型试验研究流动水域中浮体结构对下游水流流动结构的影响,对不同长高比浮体结构及其在不同水位差条件下浮体结构下游水流结构特征断面的流速分布、流速不均匀系数以及回流区长度进行分析。结果表明:浮体结构体型的变化对流速分布及流速不均匀系数的影响并不明显,水位差对两者均有较大的影响,其影响随着水位差的增大而增大;回流区长度受浮体结构体型以及水位差影响均较敏感,在实际运用中,应该主要关注水位差变化引起的水流流动结构的变化。

人工湿地优化设计研究

从水力学角度系统地分析了人工湿地的表面积、潜流湿地的横截面面积、长宽比、深度和水力停留时间等设计参数,从水力学、微生物学和生态学角度推导了人工湿地一级反应动力学模型、水流流动数学模型和生态动力学模型。

Size dependent flow behaviors of particles in hydrocyclone based on multiphase simulation

To investigate the flow behaviors of different size particles in hydrocyclone,a designed process was numerically simulated by the transient solver,where the quartz particles possessing a size distribution were injected into a 100 mm diameter hydrocyclone with the steady water field and air core inside.A lab experimental work has validated the chosen models in simulation by comparing the classification efficiency results.The simulated process shows that the 25 μm quartz particles,close to the cut size,need much more time than the finer and coarser particles to reach the steady flow rate on the outlets of hydrocyclone.For the particles in the inner swirl,with the quartz size increasing from 5 to 25 μm,the particles take more time to enter the vortex finder.The 25 μm quartz particles move outward in the radial direction when they go up to the vortex finder,which is contrary to the quartz particles of 5 μm and 15 μm as they are closely surrounding the air core.The studies reveal that the flow behaviors of particles inside the hydrocyclone depend on the particle size.

An Experimental Study on the Flow Characteristics of OilWater Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Straight Pipes

The flow patterns and their transitions of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipes were studied. The experiments were conducted in two kinds of horizontal tubes, made of plexiglas pipe and stainless steel pipe with 40 mm ID respectively. No. 46 mechanical oil and tap water were used as working fluids. The superflcial velocity ranges of oil and water were: 0.04-1.2m·s-1 and 0.04-2.2m·s-1, respectively. The flow patterns were identified by visualization and by transient fluctuation signals of differential pressure drop. The flow patterns were defined according to the relative distribution of oil and water phases in the pipes. Flow pattern maps were obtained for both pipelines. In addition, semi-theoretical transition criteria for the flow patterns were proposed, and the proposed transitional criteria are in reasonable agreement with available data in liquid-liquid systems.

Turbulent boundary layers and hydrodynamic flow analysis of nanofluids over a plate

A numerical analysis of the log-law behavior for the turbulent boundary layer of a wall-bounded flow is performed over a flat plate immersed in three nanofluids(Zn O-water,SiO_(2)-water,TiO_(2)-water).Numerical simulations using CFD code are employed to investigate the boundary layer and the hydrodynamic flow.To validate the current numerical model,measurement points from published works were used,and the compared results were in good compliance.Simulations were carried out for the velocity series of 0.04,0.4 and 4 m/s and nanoparticle concentrations0.1% and 5%.The influence of nanoparticles’ concentration on velocity,temperature profiles,wall shear stress,and turbulent intensity was investigated.The obtained results showed that the viscous sub-layer,the buffer layer,and the loglaw layer along the potential-flow layer could be analyzed based on their curving quality in the regions which have just a single wall distance.It was seen that the viscous sub-layer is the biggest area in comparison with other areas.Alternatively,the section where the temperature changes considerably correspond to the thermal boundary layer’s thickness goes a downward trend when the velocity decreases.The thermal boundary layer gets deep away from the leading edge.However,a rise in the volume fraction of nanoparticles indicated a minor impact on the shear stress developed in the wall.In all cases,the thickness of the boundary layer undergoes a downward trend as the velocity increases,whereas increasing the nanoparticle concentrations would enhance the thickness.More precisely,the log layer is closed with log law,and it is minimal between Y^(+)=50 and Y^(+)=95.The temperature for nanoparticle concentration φ=5%is higher than that for φ=0.1%,in boundary layers,for all studied nanofluids.However,it is established that the behavior is inverted from the value of Y^(+)=1 and the temperature for φ =0.1% is more important than the case of φ =5%.For turbulence intensity peak,this peak exists at Y^(+)=100 for v=4 m/s,Y^(+)=10 for v=0.4 m/s and Y^(+)=8 for v=0.04 m/s.

Calculation of wave and current loads on launching offshore jacket

It’s very complicated to calculate and analyze the wave and current loads on naval architectures since the sea condition is uncertain and complicated and the determinants vary from different form types and dimensions. For calculating the wave and current loads on upright small-long-size pipe, the Morrison equation is practical and applied. Jacket platform is a kind of offshore space frame structure comprised of lots of poles that are circular cylinders with small diameter and in the oblique status relative to seabed. In this paper, based on Morrison equation, the specific method and procedure calculating the wave and current loads on launching jacket are given and applied on a typical launching jacket. The instance shows that the method and procedure are convenient and make the calculation and analysis in good agreement with actual launching.

Focused fluid flow in the Baiyun Sag, northern South China Sea: implications for the source of gas in hydrate reservoirs

The origin and migration of natural gas and the accumulation of gas hydrates within the Pearl River Mouth Basin of the northern South China Sea are poorly understood. Based on high-resolution 2D/3D seismic data, three environments of focused fluid flow： gas chimneys, mud diapirs and active faults have been identified. Widespread gas chimneys that act as important conduits for fluid flow are located below bottom simulating reflections and above basal uplifts. The occurrence and evolution of gas chimneys can be divided into a violent eruptive stage and a quiet seepage stage. For most gas chimneys, the strong eruptions are deduced to have happened during the Dongsha Movement in the latest Miocene, which are observed below Pliocene strata and few active faults develop above the top of the Miocene. The formation pressures of the Baiyun Sag currently are considered to be normal, based on these terms： 1） Borehole pressure tests with pressure coefficients of 1.043-l.047; 2） The distribution of gas chimneys is limited to strata older than the Pliocene; 3） Disseminated methane hydrates, rather than fractured hydrates, are found in the hydrate samples; 4） The gas hydrate is mainly charged with biogenic gas rather than thermogenic gas based on the chemical tests from gas hydrates cores. However, periods of quiet focused fluid flow also enable the establishment of good conduits for the migration of abundant biogenic gas and lesser volumes ofthermogenic gas. A geological model goveming fluid flow has been proposed to interpret the release of overpressure, the migration of fluids and the formation of gas hydrates, in an integrated manner. This model suggests that gas chimneys positioned above basal uplifts were caused by the Dongsha Movement at about 5.5 Ma. Biogenic gas occupies the strata above the base of the middle Miocene and migrates slowly into the gas chimney columns. Some of the biogenic gas and small volumes ofthermogenic gas eventually contribute to the formation of the gas hydrates.

Structure and production fluid flow pattern of post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir in Southern Qinshui Basin

Field geological work, field engineering monitoring, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation were used to study the development characteristics of pore-fracture system and hydraulic fracture of No.3 coal reservoir in Southern Qinshui Basin. Flow patterns of methane and water in pore-fracture system and hydraulic fracture were discussed by using limit method and average method. Based on the structure model and flow pattern of post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir, flow patterns of methane and water were established. Results show that seepage pattern of methane in pore-fracture system is linked with pore diameter, fracture width, coal bed pressure and flow velocity. While in hydraulic fracture, it is controlled by fracture height, pressure and flow velocity. Seepage pattern of water in pore-fracture system is linked with pore diameter, fracture width and flow velocity. While in hydraulic fracture, it is controlled by fracture height and flow velocity. Pores and fractures in different sizes are linked up by ultramicroscopic fissures, micro-fissures and hydraulic fracture. In post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir, methane has level-three flow and gets through triple medium to the wellbore; and water passes mainly through double medium to the wellbore which is level-two flow.

Time-Frequency Signal Processing for Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow Through a Horizontal Venturi Based on Adaptive Optimal-Kernel Theory

A time-frequency signal processing method for two-phase flow through a horizontal Venturi based on adaptive optimal-kernel （AOK） was presented in this paper.First,the collected dynamic differential pressure signal of gas-liquid two-phase flow was preprocessed,and then the AOK theory was used to analyze the dynamic differ-ential pressure signal.The mechanism of two-phase flow was discussed through the time-frequency spectrum.On the condition of steady water flow rate,with the increasing of gas flow rate,the flow pattern changes from bubbly flow to slug flow,then to plug flow,meanwhile,the energy distribution of signal fluctuations show significant change that energy transfer from 15-35 Hz band to 0-8 Hz band;moreover,when the flow pattern is slug flow,there are two wave peaks showed in the time-frequency spectrum.Finally,a number of characteristic variables were defined by using the time-frequency spectrum and the ridge of AOK.When the characteristic variables were visu-ally analyzed,the relationship between different combination of characteristic variables and flow patterns would be gotten.The results show that,this method can explain the law of flow in different flow patterns.And characteristic variables,defined by this method,can get a clear description of the flow information.This method provides a new way for the flow pattern identification,and the percentage of correct prediction is up to 91.11%.

A Modified Groundwater Module in SWAT for Improved Streamflow Simulation in a Large, Arid Endorheic River Watershed in Northwest China

Interactions between surface water and groundwater are dynamic and complex in large endorheic river watersheds in Northwest China due to the influence of both irrigation practices and the local terrain. These interactions interchange numerous times throughout the middle reaches, making streamflow simulation a challenge in endorheic river watersheds. In this study, we modified the linear-reservoir groundwater module in SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tools, a widely used hydrological model) with a new nonlinear relationship to better represent groundwater processes; we then applied the original SWAT and modified SWAT to the Heihe River Watershed, the second largest endorheic river watershed in Northwest China, to simulate streamflow. After calibrating both the original SWAT model and the modified SWAT model, we analyzed model performance during two periods: an irrigation period and a non-irrigation period. Our results show that the modified SWAT model with the nonlinear groundwater module performed significantly better during both the irrigation and non-irrigation periods. Moreover, after comparing different runoff components simulated by the two models, the results show that, after the implementation of the new nonlinear groundwater module in SWAT, proportions of runoff components changed-and the groundwater flow had significantly increased, dominating the discharge season. Therefore, SWAT coupled with the non-linear groundwater module represents the complex hydrological process in the study area more realistically. Moreover, the results for various runoff components simulated by the modified SWAT models can be used to describe the hydrological characteristics of lowland areas. This indicates that the modified SWAT model is applicable to simulate complex hydrological process of arid endorheic rivers.

Numerical investigation of cavitating flow behind the cone of a poppet valve in water hydraulic system

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using advanced RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43 000. The working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model. Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera. The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good agreement with the numerical result.

The properties of dilute debris flow and hyper-concentrated flow in different flow regimes in open channels

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technique was used to test the analogues of hyperconcentrated flow and dilute debris flow in an open flume. Flow fields, velocity profiles and turbulent parameters were obtained under different conditions. Results show that the flow regime depends on coarse grain concentration. Slurry with high fine grain concentration but lacking of coarse grains behaves as a laminar flow. Dilute debris flows containing coarse grains are generally turbulent flows. Streamlines are parallel and velocity values are large in laminar flows. However, in turbulent flows the velocity diminishes in line with the intense mixing of liquid and eddies occurring. The velocity profiles of laminar flow accord with the parabolic distribution law. When the flow is in a transitional regime, velocity profiles deviate slightly from the parabolic law. Turbulent flow has an approximately uniform distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. The ratio of turbulent kinetic energy to the kinetic energy of time-averaged flow is the internal cause determining the flow regime: laminar flow(k/K<0.1); transitional flow(0.1< k/K<1); and turbulent flow(k/K>1). Turbulent kinetic energy firstly increases with increasing coarse grain concentration and then decreases owing to the suppression of turbulence by the high concentration of coarse grains. This variation is also influenced by coarse grain size and channel slope. The results contribute to the modeling of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow.

An empirical study on vortex-generator insert fitted in tubular heat exchangers with dilute Cu–water nanofluid flow

The heat transfer enhancement(HTE) in tubular heat exchangers fitted with vortex-generator(VG) inserts is experimentally investigated. The studied four parameters and ranges are: winglets-pitch ratio(1.33, 2.67, and 4),winglets-length ratio(0.33, 0.67, and 1), winglets-width ratio(0.2, 0.4, and 0.6), and Reynolds number(5200to 12200). The testing fluids are the water and Cu–water nanofluid at the volumetric fraction of 0.2%. The results obtained on HTE, pressure drop, and performance evaluation criterion(PEC) are compared with those for water in a smooth tube. It is found that the VG inserts with lower winglets-pitch ratio and higher winglets-length/width ratios present higher values of HTE and pressure drop. Over the range studied, the maximum PEC of 1.83 is detected with the Cu–water nanofluid inside the tube equipped with a VG insert at the winglets-width ratio of0.6 for the maximum Reynolds number, when the heat transfer rate and pressure drop are 1.24 times and 2.03 times of those in the smooth tube. Generalized regression equations of the Nusselt number, friction factor, and PEC are presented for the tubular heat exchangers with the VG inserts for both water and Cu–water nanofluid.It is concluded that the main advantage of the VG inserts is their simple fabrication and considerable performance, particularly at higher Reynolds number.

Reaction thrust characteristics of high-pressure submerged water jet of cylinder nozzles

The shapes and geometrical parameters of nozzles are key factors for fluidics. The relationship among the reaction thrust, flow rate pressure, diameter do and length L of a cylinder nozzle is analyzed theoretically. The simulation of the flow field characteristics was conducted via the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics package. Effects of the inlet conditions and the nozzle dimensions on the reaction thrust of a water jet were addressed particularly. The reaction thrust experiments were performed on a custom-designed test apparatus. The experimental results reveal that a） the nozzle diameter and the inlet conditions exert great influence on the water jet reaction thrust; and b） for L≤4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a thin plate-orifice, the reaction thrust is independent of nozzle length; for L〉4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a long orifice, the reaction thrust can reach maximum under the condition of a certain flow rate. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the design of nozzles and have significant value, especially for the future development of high-oressure water-let orooulsion technology.

Heat Transfer Between Immersed Horizontal Tubes and Aerated Vibrated Fluidized Beds

Heat transfer coefficients between an immersed horizontal tube and an aerated vibrated fluidized bed are measured. There is a maximum value in the h-P experimental curve. The heat transfer coefficient increases with decreases in particle diameter in the fully fluidized region. The particle density has less effect on the heat transfer coefficients. High amplitude and low frequency, or low amplitude and high frequency are favorable to heat transfer. Exceedingly high gas velocity is unfavorable to the surface-bed heat transfer. A model based on the 'pocket' theory was proposed for predicting the surface-to-bed heat transfer coefficients in fully fluidized region. The predictions from the model were compared with observed data. The reasonable fit suggests the adequacy of the model.