通风条件下细水雾灭火的临界水流率

临界水流率是细水雾系统的重要设计参数.为了研究通风条件对细水雾灭火临界水流率的影响,开展了一系列细水雾熄灭木垛火的模拟实验.实验结果表明,对于木垛火,细水雾的临界水流率同时受到热释放速率、有效喷嘴直径、高度、风速和雾化锥角的影响.基于Heskestad的临界水流率预测模型,利用量纲分析得到的指数关系式对实验数据进行拟合,对纳入通风风速后的模型各参数指数进行了修正,从而将其拓展至通风条件下.

植被类型对晋南土壤入渗及地面水流糙率影响的研究

开展植被类型对土壤入渗特性及田面水流糙率影响的研究,可以为田间灌水技术参数的优化分析提供理论依据。以山西省夹马口引黄灌区试验站畦田灌水试验为依据,基于Kostiakov-Lewis三参数入渗模型,在运用水量平衡方程和曼宁公式的基础上,用单点求参法(用畦田内畦首、中、尾三点的入渗参数分别作为入渗参数值,仅对糙率值作优化求解)、均值求参法(用畦首、中、尾三点入渗参数的均值作为入渗参数值,仅对糙率值作优化求解)、组合求参法(用畦首、中、尾三点入渗参数中的最大值作为上限,最小值作为下限,对入渗参数和糙率值同时优化求解)对入渗参数及糙率进行直接求解,并利用基于零惯量模型的地面畦灌水流模拟软件WinSRFR4.1对求解参数进行了分析验证。结果表明:(1)用组合求参法拟合出的土壤入渗参数与地面水流糙率,决定系数R^(2)均在0.97以上,拟合精度较高。(2)玉米地土壤90 min累计入渗量Z_(90)为91.7 mm,糙率值为0.030;苹果树地Z_(90)为88.9 mm,糙率值为0.079;桃树地Z_(90)为115.9 mm,糙率值为0.138。在该试验区,一年生植物的Z_(90)明显大于多年生植物,植被类型对土壤入渗特性影响显著;鉴于组合求参法最大程度地弱化了土壤入渗参数的空间变异性,且拟合精度高于单点求参法和均值求参法,认为组合求参法最优,验证结果也进一步证明了该结论。

变糙率二维水流泥沙数学模型在河道行洪能力分析中的应用

采用变糙率二维水流泥沙数学模型对辽宁东部某河道整治工程中的行洪能力进行分析研究。研究结果表明:变糙率二维水流泥沙数学模型可实现糙率参数的变动选取,相比于传统糙率方法,变糙率下的二维水流泥沙数学模型在河道流态模拟精度得到较大程度的改善;河道整治后,同一流量下,河道的水面线较河道改造工程前有所下降,总体上下降约1.8m左右;在同一流量下,河道流速有所增加,但增幅较小;在工程完成后,由于采用浆砌片石进行河底护岸,其河道部分区域冲刷明显,主要位于河底护岸与清淤后的河底交接部位。

高功率微波陶瓷窗的结构优化

介绍了2.45GHz频率高功率微波陶瓷窗的结构及对结构的优化。结构优化包括对结构尺寸和水冷结构的水流率取值这两方面。当陶瓷片厚度为4.4mm、圆波导长度为52.3mm时,微波性能达到最优。当水冷结构的水流率为0.4t·h-1时,效果最理想,此时陶瓷片的最大应力值远远小于陶瓷片本身的抗拉强度。优化后的陶瓷窗经过多轮实验的考验,没有出现破裂等问题。

加速器中水流量对加速管温度分布及其瞬态响应的影响

加速器中水流量通过影响加速管壁温的分布与变化而对加速器的使用性能产生影响．而水流量又是使用中最容易控制的参量，因此，为使加速器得到较好的使用性能，水流量的合理选择是应该考虑的．为此，探讨水流量对加速管温度的影响就成为必要．本文详细讨论了水流量（及加速器的某些结构参量）对加速管温度的有关参量的影响并归结为某些简单的拟合公式以便实用中大致估算．文中并就不同冷却模式作了对比．

最小能耗率原理的数值水槽模拟验证

最小能耗率原理发展至今,已有严密的理论证明,但缺少实测数据和数值模拟的验证。本文采用Flow3D中RNG k-ε紊流模型结合GMO法对顺直矩形水槽内的水流运动进行了数值模拟研究,通过选取不同断面之间的水流为研究系统,计算了各个时刻系统的单位体积水流能耗率变化。结果表明,矩形水槽内的水流运动确实遵循最小能耗率原理。

横管降膜蒸发闭式循环太阳能海水淡化装置的实验

基于盘形与竖式降膜太阳能海水淡化装置的优、缺点和横管降膜蒸发的理论分析 ,针对现有装置存在的问题 ,设计了横管降膜蒸发闭式循环太阳能海水淡化装置 ,并在不同的运行参数下进行了实验研究 ,分析了影响该装置性能的各种因素 .实验结果表明 ,在供能相同的情况下 ,该装置的产水率比单级盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了 2～ 2 5倍左右 ;提高运行温度 ,有利于提高产水率及单位能耗产水率 ;热水流率取为 30 0～ 6 0 0kg/h ,海水流率取为 8～ 15kg/h ,有利于提高产水率 ,改善该装置的性能 .

平原冲积河流及潮汐河口河相关系研究进展

河相关系的研究旨在寻求河床形态和流域水文、动力因子间的定量关系。在介绍国内外平原冲积河流及潮汐河口河相关系研究进展的基础上,对基于水文统计的经验分析法、量纲分析法、河床最小活动性假说、水流最小能耗率极值假说以及仙农熵理论等5种代表性的河相关系研究方法进行了对比分析,阐述了5种方法的适用性。同时,进一步指出了目前研究河相关系存在的问题和困难。

Error Analysis on Gradient Information of Sloping Land Derived from the Low-resolution DEM

With digital elevation model （DEM）,sloping data were extracted automatically and soil erosion situation was also investigated. Compared with field survey and the related studies,the results showed that parallel range-gorge landform in Three Gorges reservoir area,the inter-bedded structures formed by Jurassic purple clay （page） rocks and human activities were the key controlling factors for small-scale sloping terrain.

房水流出率测量方法及其影响因素

评价房水循环的技术有眼压测量、眼压描记、巩膜静脉压测量、巩膜葡萄膜外流和房水流出率测量。临床上经常使用的只有眼压测量。然而，对于了解眼球的生理和病理情况，尤其是研究房水动力学和抗青光眼药物的作用机制，其他测量技术亦非常重要且必不可少。本文就人们较少了解的用荧光光度计测量房水流出率的基本理论和方法，以及房水流出率的生理周期、疾病和药物对房水流出率的影响作一综述。

乳头状饮水器系统的正确管理

要取得最佳结果 ,就要将乳头状饮水器放置在合适的高度 ,水流率要正确 。

Performance and Optimization for a Ground-Coupled Liquid Loop Heat Recovery Ventilation System

Ground-coupled heat pumps(GCHP)are commonly used in residential heating system.To mitigate the boreholes temperature dropping with operating time,a new exhaust-air recharging system is developed.The new recharging system can be used in three operational modes.In this paper,a ground-coupled heat recovery ventilation(HRV)model is discussed.A thermal model is set up to find the optimal brine flow rate and heat transfer allocation ratio between exhaust and supply coils for maximum heat recovery efficiency.Contrary to the conventional liquid-loop HRV systems,the brine temperature entering the exhaust coil never goes blow zero(0℃),and hence defrosting is needless in the ground-coupled HRV system.This can make the ground-coupled HRV system over 20% more efficient than a conventional HRV system at low outdoor temperatures.

Effects of Shrub on Runoff and Soil Loss at Loess Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m^2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m^2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.

The Characteristic Relationship Between Oil Uptake and Moisture Content during the High Temperature Immersion Frying of Thin Potato Crisps

Thin potato crisps (2mm) were fried at 170℃, 180℃ and 190℃ for varioustimes from 10s to 180s inclusive. It was found that definite oil uptake, moisture loss trends existduring the frying process. No significant difference in the oil uptake or moisture loss ratesbetween flat-cut and ridge-cut crisps exists. Also found in this study was that an increased oiltemperature promoted higher moisture loss rates. In turn, the higher moisture loss rates contributedto a higher oil uptake rate. It was found, based on the volumetric plots of oil content υs. watercontent, that the oil uptake rate was proportional to the moisture loss rate. As a result, it hasbeen shown that there is a possibility of having a characteristic curve of oil uptake againstmoisture content.

Analysis on probability of water inrush and quicksand in different mining sequences under an unconsolidated alluvium aquifer by fluid-solid coupling theory

To study the behavior of overlying strata and the likelihood of water inrush and quicksand with different mining sequences under an unconsolidated alluvium aquifer, a numerical model based on the fluid-solid coupling theory was con- structed by FLAC3D. Simulation results revealed that the mining sequences had a significant influence on the seepage, dis- placement and failure characteristics of the overlying strata. In this kind of geological and hydrogeological conditions, the workface close to the outcrop of coal seam easily suffers from water inrush and quicksand during mining. In the simulation re- sults, the plastic zone, vertical displacement and pore water pressure in the overlying strata of the workface decrease more or less using the upward mining sequence than using the downward mining sequence. Therefore, the application of the upward mining sequence in the process of mining is preferential to prevent water inrush and quicksand.

A Hydrodynamic Modei for Slug Frequency in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

The prediction of slug frequency has important significance on gas-liquid two-phase flow. A hydrody-namic modei was put forward to evaluate slug frequency for horizontal two-phase flow, based on the dependence of slug frequency on the frequency of unstable interfacial wave. Using air and water, experimental verification of the modei was carried out in a large range of flow parameters. Six electrical probes were installed at different positions of a horizontal plexiglass pipe to detect slug frequency development. The pipe is 30m long and its inner diameter is 24 mm. It is observed experimentally that the interfacial wave frequency at the inlet is about l to 3 times the frequency of stable slug. The slug frequencies predicted by the modei fit well with Tronconi (1990) modei and the experimental data. The combination of the hydrodynamic modei and the experimental data results in a conclusion that the frequency of equilibrium liquid slug is approximately half the miniraum frequency of interfacial wave.

Controlled low-strength material incorporating recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick based construction waste

Sixteen controlled low-strength material( CLSM)mixtures with various cement-to-sand( C/Sa) ratios and water-to-solid( W/So) ratios were prepared using recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick based construction waste.The fluidity and bleeding of the fresh CLSM mixtures were measured via the modified test methods, and the hardened CLSM mixtures were then molded to evaluate their compressive strength and durability. The results showthat the fluidity of the fresh CLSM mixtures is 105 to 227 mm with the corresponding bleeding rate of 3. 7% to 15. 5%, which increases with the increase in fluidity. After aging for 28 d,the compressive strength of the hardened CLSM mixtures reaches 1. 15 to 13. 96 M Pa, and their strength can be further enhanced with longer curing ages. Additionally, the strength increases with the increase of the C/Sa ratio, and decreases with the increase of the W/So ratio under the same curing age. Based on the obtained compressive strength, a fitting model for accurately predicting the compressive strength of the CLSM mixtures was established, which takes into account the above two independent variables( C/Sa and W/So ratios).M oreover, the durability of the hardened CLSM mixtures is enhanced for samples with higher C/Sa ratios.

Investigation of Coolant Fluid through Grinding Zone in High-Speed Precision Grinding

In the grinding process,grinding fluid is delivered for the purposes of chip flushing,cooling,lubrication,and chemical protection of the work surface.Due to the high-speed rotation of the grinding wheel,a boundary layer of air forms around the grinding wheel and moves most of the grinding fluid away from the grinding zone.Hence,the conventional method of delivering coolant fluid that floods delivery with high fluid pressure and nozzle fluid rare supply coolant fluid to achieve high performance grinding.The flood grinding typically delivering large volumes of grinding fluid is ineffective,especially under high speed grinding conditions.In the paper,a theoretical model is presented for flow of grinding fluid through the grinding zone in high-speed precision grinding.The model shows that the flow rate through the grinding zone between the wheel and the workpiece surface not only depends on wheel porosity and wheel speed,but also depends on nozzle volumetric flow rate and fluid jet velocity.Furthermore,the model is tested by a surface grinding machine in order to correlate between experiment and theory.Consequently,the useful flow-rate model is found to give a good agreement with the experimental results and the model can well forecast the useful flow-rate in high-speed precision grinding.

Degradation of Wastewater Containing Nitrobenzene by High Gravity-Ultrasonic/Ozonation/Electrolysis Technology

The integrated high gravity-ultrasonic/ozonation/electrolysis technology was applied in the pretreatment of wastewater containing nitrobenzene. The effect ofpH value, high gravity factor, liquid flow-rate and electric current density on removal of COD and nitrobenzene compounds was investigated. Experimental results have determined the optimal pro- cess regime involving a high gravity factor of 100, an electric current density of 20 mA/cm2, a liquid flow-rate of 100 L/h, and an initial liquid pH value of 11. After the wastewater had been treated for 180 rain, the degradation of nitrobenzene and COD reached 99% and 80%, respectively, with the biochemical coefficient （BOD/COD） equating to 0.64, and the subse- quent treatment of wastewater could be carried out by conventional biochemical means. Compared with traditional aeration- ozone contactors, a rotating packed bed with high mass transfer characteristics could be used to increase the ozonation treat- ment efficiency.

A Spatial Cluster Analysis of Heavy Rains in China

Clustered heavy rains （CHRs） defined using hierarchical cluster analysis based on daily observations of precipitation in China during 1960-2008 are investi- gated in this paper. The geographical pattern of CHRs in China shows three high-frequency centers--South China, the Yangtze River basin, and part of North China around the Bohai Sea. CHRs occur most frequently in South China with a mean annual frequency of 6.8 （a total of 334 times during 1960-2008）. June has the highest monthly frequency （2.2 times/month with a total of 108 times dur- ing 1960-2008）, partly in association with the Meiyu phenomenon in the Yangtze River basin. Within the past 50 years, the frequency of CHRs in China has increased significantly from 13.5 to 17.3 times per year, which is approximately 28%. In the 1990s, the frequency of CHRs often reached 19.1 times per year. The geographical extent of CHR has expanded slightly by 0.5 stations, and its average daily rainfall intensity has increased by 3.7 mm d-1. The contribution of CHRs to total rainfall amount and the frequency of daily precipitation have increased by 63.1% and 22.7%, respectively, partly due to a significant decrease in light rains. In drying regions of North and Northeast China, the amounts of minimal CHRs have had no significant trend in recent years, probably due to warming in these arid regions enhancing atmospheric conveetivity at individual stations.