论生态县建设与南水北调中线水源区保护的关系

目的探讨生态县建设与南水北调中线工程水源区保护的关系。方法理论分析和实际调研相结合,比较分析生态县建设与水源区保护的内容。结果南水北调中线工程涉及水源地6省(市)48个县,其中将近40个县是国家级或省级贫困县,整个水源区内贫困县比例高达83.3%,目前规划生态县建设的有10个县,占32%,在整个南水北调中线水源区内,目前共有17个县(市)在规划建设或正在建设生态县,占35%,生态县建设比例较低。结论生态县建设对水源区保护有极大的推动作用,加大水源区内生态县的建设力度是做好南水北调中线水源区保护工作的重要任务,也是水源区生态补偿的一种途径。生态县建设和水源区保护都需要投入大量资金,国家应统筹兼顾,既可保护水源区,又可建设一批生态县。

从“铁冲模式”看水源区生态清洁小流域特色

松华坝水源区生态清洁小流域治理在原有传统小流域治理的基础上,将水土保持、滇池治理、水源区保护有机结合起来,通过实施生态建设、污染治理、产业结构调整、人口转移四大工程,在有效保持水土、保护水源的同时,改善了区域水质、生态环境和人居环境,由单纯重保护向追求生态、社会、经济综合效益转变。结合水源区"铁冲模式"的探索,总结了水源区生态清洁小流域的特色,为下一步水源区保护与治理提供了科学依据和建议。

水资源保护的发展机会损失评价

目的研究由于水源保护陕南3市损失的发展机会。方法根据环境库兹涅茨曲线分析了污染防治所需的投入与限制产业发展的变化趋势,采用与相邻县市的对比,估算陕南3市限制产业发展所受的损失。结果陕南3市的经济发展与生态环境之间的关系处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的上升阶段,同时计算得到2006年陕南3市限制发展机会的补偿量是16.9亿元。结论对陕西水源区进行发展机会损失的补偿是十分必要的,这样有利于受水区和水源区的和谐发展。

Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Disturbance of Land Use Change on Major Ecosystem Function Zones in China

In recent years, because of increasing human activities, ecosystems have been substantially disturbed and their service functions have been greatly compromised. Based on the effect of land use changes on the major ecosystem services, we estimated the ecosystem comprehensive anthropogenic disturbance index(ECADI) and analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of changes in the ECADI in China from 1990 to 2010. The average ECADI of the major ecosystem function zones in China in 2010 is approximately 0.382. The ECADI of Northeast China and North China is slightly higher than that of Northwest China and Southwest China. Most zones have slight changes in the ECADI. The average increases of ECADI in the major ecosystem function zones in China from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2010 are 0.0024 and 0.0002, respectively. The increase is mainly due to reclamation and urbanization, whereas the decrease is due to the implementation of ecosystem protection policies. During the last 20 years, the ECADI of water resources conservation zones increased first, and then stopped. The ECADI of soil conservation zones increased first, and then declined. The ECADI of sandstorm prevention zones, biodiversity conservation zones and flooding mitigation zones increased continuously. Our results may provide proposals to the government regarding land use planning and ecosystem protection plans in the major ecosystem zones. The major ecosystem function zones in the western part of China have been protected effectively. However, the major ecosystem function zones in the eastern part of China require more protection in the future.

Research on Water Resources Conservation of Mountain River Based on the Concept of Region Partition

Presently concepts and methods related to water resources conservation of mountain rivers are seriously insufficient,and its level is far from being adaptable to the development of a harmonious society.As mountain ecosystems play a key role in water resources conservation of mountain rivers,and the characteristics of mountain ecosystems and hydrologic features of mountain river follow strong temporal and spatial distribution,partition theory can be applied to the water resources conservation of mountain river.This theory observes the following partition principles:regional relativity,spatial continuity,integralcounty,meeting management needs,hierarchical principle,and comparability principle.And it lays equal emphasis on both water resources conservation and environmental protection,on both water quality conservation and water quantity protection,on the combination of water features,water cycle and water pollution.In the partition methods,index method and map superposition method will be applied in region partition.The example of region partition of water resources conservation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River shows that the partition theory is practicable in water resources conservation of mountain rivers,and it provides a platform for future study in water resources conservation.

Water protection in the western semiarid coal mining regions of China: A case study

The coal industry in China has been moving from the semiarid eastern to the drier western regions since the beginning of this century.Water protection is of the utmost concern for coal mining in these regions.Lu'an,as one of the state coal mining bases in China,has been seeing increasingly heavier pressure for the protection of water resources.This article considers Lu'an as an example and describes the ways these concerns may be alleviated.High mine-water utilization rates have effectively reduced wasting of water and,consequently,have reduced water demand.Using the top layers of the Ordavician as aquifuge barriers can prevent floor karst water inrush into the longwall face and can protect the regional Ordovician karst water resources at the same time.The strength of the overlying Quaternary clay can protect against roof collapse and has successfully preserved the Quaternary porous water resource.

Path toward Environment-Friendly Industrialization： A Survey on the Practice of Xixia County

Whether industrialization and environmental protection can coexist has always been controversial theoretical question. On this topic, the protected watershed area of Xixia County provides an interesting case study. 91% of Xixia County＇s 3,15 7 square kilometers, which belongs to Nanyang City of Henan Province and is located in the protected water source area of the country＇s South-to-North Water Diversion Project, is designated water source protection zones. Driven by the need to protect these resources, Xixia County has made remarkable achievements in the field of environmental protection. Simultaneously, the county s economy has also made significant progress. In addition to its favorable geography and natural resources, Xixia County derives its successful environmental protection practices from the following factors： first, a series of environmental protection policies issued by the central government; second, Xixia County＇s emphasis on environmental protection; and third, local businesses＇ efforts to protect the environment. Xixia＇s experience has demonstrated that environmental protection can be successfully balanced with economic development when local industrial development generates resources that contribute to favorable environmental programs.

Agriculture and Water Sources Protection Zones in the Czech Republic

The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of the Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytn^i rivers. Ivan^ice spring area comprises a series of hydrologic boreholes, it is the main water source for water supply of Ivan^ice and Rosice towns and provides water for 30,000 inhabitants. The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and a revision of protection zones was proposed. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones and recently nitrate concentrations have been decreasing. Water quality evaluation results： high concentration of manganese and iron, sometimes higher concentration of ammonium and COD. This area is intensively used for agriculture and it is necessary to make a compromise solution during protection zones proposal, The regime in protection zones can not affect manganese and iron concentration （their origin is in the natural geological environment）. Therefore, water treatment plant is in operation and its modernization is proposed. Furthermore, the paper deals with spring area intensification construction of a new hydrologic borehole, and managed and unmanaged infiltration of surface water. The proposal of protection zones revision consists of reduction to a 2nd level protection zone.

Eco-drainage Pond in Non Irrigated Land for the Conservation of Land and Water Based on Community Participation

There are some bad impacts from a critical land such as flood in rainy season and dryness in dry season. Long dryness could cause shortage of water for human consumption, industry and agriculture. Prevention has been made to avoid the both bad impacts by building hydraulic structures like reservoirs and ponds in order to reduce the peak flow during the rainy season and to store the water for use during the dry season. However, they gradually become full of sediment. This will make them work insufficiently and will cause high maintenance cost. Moreover, wells in agriculture field used as retention also suffer dryness to make crop failure. This study aims to develop a model of pond for conservation of land and water in non irrigated land. Community participation is crucial in order to solve the flood and dryness problems. The community, especially the farmers will participate actively in the implementation and maintenance of the model. There are benefits in using the pond model such as： （1） to control sediment transport to the rivers, reservoir or other hydraulic structures; （2） to reduce flood rate; （3） to increase ground water recharge; （4） to contain water for agriculture and （5） to control the fertility of land. The cost of making a unit of model （sedrainpond） of 1.5 m diameter and 1.5 meter depth is relatively cheap between $10 to $20 （US）, and the maintenance is done by the farmers. When the pond model becomes functional, besides containing water in the rainy season, the water can be used to sustain water for agriculture in the dry season to avoid any crop failure. When the pond becomes dry, the farmers can harvest the suspended load sediment such as clay or silt to spread onto their land to keep its fertility.

The status and protection of the ecological environment in Heihe River water source district

This article discusses the status of the ecological environment in Heihe River water source district, and points out that the decline of the forest coverage, the degradation of the pasture and the shrinking back of the glacier, the increased soil erosion and other phenomena are the main ecological and environmental problems in this area. The main reason is the natural and man-made results. This article proposes the specific measures to protect the ecological environment in Heihe River water source district.