The demand for energy consumption promotes to find more coal in deep underground up to 1 000 m and brings more serious situation of water disaster. As one of the major methods for water disaster control, hydrogeochemi...The demand for energy consumption promotes to find more coal in deep underground up to 1 000 m and brings more serious situation of water disaster. As one of the major methods for water disaster control, hydrogeochemistry attracts a series of studies related to water source discrimination. In this paper, a simple method for constructing the water source discrimination model based on major ions and multivariate statistical analysis was reported using the following procedures: (1) collection of data and interpretation, (2) analysis of controlling factors based on the chemical composition of groundwater, (3) "pure" sample chosen, and (4) discrimination model establishment. After the processes, two functions and a diagram were established for three aquifers (the Quaternary, Coal bearing, and Taiyuan Fm.) from the Renlou Coal Mine in northern Anhui Province, China. The method can be applied in almost all coal mines and can be used for evaluating the contribution ratios if the water is collected from a mixing source.展开更多
Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production.It is necessary to know the reliable information on th...Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production.It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies.This study focused on the recharge,the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes.Hydrological,chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.In addition,the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable,and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick.Therefore,it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future,moreover,water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.展开更多
The arid areas in China are mainly located in North China and NorthwestChina. The North China is the main region for food production. There is 31. 19% of the totalfarmland and 26. 01% of the total population, but only...The arid areas in China are mainly located in North China and NorthwestChina. The North China is the main region for food production. There is 31. 19% of the totalfarmland and 26. 01% of the total population, but only 6. 14% of the available water resources ofChina. Groundwater is over pumped (6. 53 X 10~9m^3 every year) in the regions of Beijing, Tianjin,and Hebei Province, so water supply could not meet the water demand there. The distribution of waterin Northwest China is uneven, some inland rivers and lakes are dried up, and desertification hasexpanded since river water in the upper and middle reaches is diverted for irrigation. Up to 2050,population will be up to 1. 6 X 10~9 in China, and industry will be developed fast, therefore 50% ofthe water supply will be used by industry and resident, and water for agriculture will be decreasedyear by year. In the coming 50 years, water demand for agriculture will be increased by 5. 6 x10^9m^3 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River valley, and by 1. 7 x 10~9m^3 in the Northwest China. It willbe impossible for the Huanghe River to meet the water demand, because it always dried up in the coldhalf year since 1984. To avoid water shortage of agriculture in the arid regions, it is necessaryto divert water from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River in the south of China, and to use waterefficiently. It is the best way to use drip irrigation in agriculture, recycle water in industry andresident use, and control water pollution. Otherwise water shortage in the arid regions willrestrict the development of agriculture in China.展开更多
With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and...With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.展开更多
One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR). To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR ...One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR). To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms (39 taxa), green algae (47 taxa), blue-green algae (19 taxa), and others (12 taxa). Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L (at site 3 in August 2008). Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam (DJKD) was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 (especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10), but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.展开更多
Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were measured by ICP-MS for groundwater collected from deep seated Taiyuan Fm limestone aquifer (from -400 to -530 m) in Renlou Coal Mine, northern Anhui Province, China. It...Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were measured by ICP-MS for groundwater collected from deep seated Taiyuan Fm limestone aquifer (from -400 to -530 m) in Renlou Coal Mine, northern Anhui Province, China. It can be concluded that the groundwater is warm (34.0-37.2 ℃) C1-Ca, Na type water with circum-neutral pH (7.35-8.28) and high total dissolved solids (TDS, 1 746-2 849 mg/L). The groundwater exhibits heavy REEs enrichment relative to light REEs compared with Post Archean Average Shale (PAAS), as well as their aquifer rocks (limestone). The enrichment of REEs is considered to be controlled by terrigeneous materials (e.g. zircon) in aquifer rocks, whereas the fractionation of REEs is controlled by marine derived materials (e.g. calcite), to a less extent, terrigeneous materials and inorganic complexation. The Ce anomalies normalized to PAAS and aquifer rocks are weak, which probably reflects the signature of the aquifer rock rather than redox conditions or pH. The similarities of REE patterns between groundwater and aquifer rocks imply that aquifer rocks play important roles in controlling the REE characteristics of groundwater, and then provide a probability for discrimination of groundwater sources by using REEs.展开更多
Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal...Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.展开更多
In order to utilize water and hydropower resources in China,multitudes of water projects are established or to be constructed as an integral part of the national economy's infrastructure.Under these circumstances,...In order to utilize water and hydropower resources in China,multitudes of water projects are established or to be constructed as an integral part of the national economy's infrastructure.Under these circumstances,there are two outstanding problems:1) a mass of existing dams are in danger and 2) in the southwest water-conservancy construction plan,dozens of existing or planned dams are high dams or even super high dams with heights between 200 and 300 m.In accordance with demands of "the National Program for Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development" on the innovation frontier in hydro-structure engineering science,various key problems in science and technology such like stress analysis,ultimate bearing capacity,nonlinearity etc.for high dams,super high dams and sick dams have been investigated.This paper makes a commentary on the advances and results of the researches,then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current theoretics and methodologies,and finally presents corresponding research directions and the frontier of innovation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41173016)
文摘The demand for energy consumption promotes to find more coal in deep underground up to 1 000 m and brings more serious situation of water disaster. As one of the major methods for water disaster control, hydrogeochemistry attracts a series of studies related to water source discrimination. In this paper, a simple method for constructing the water source discrimination model based on major ions and multivariate statistical analysis was reported using the following procedures: (1) collection of data and interpretation, (2) analysis of controlling factors based on the chemical composition of groundwater, (3) "pure" sample chosen, and (4) discrimination model establishment. After the processes, two functions and a diagram were established for three aquifers (the Quaternary, Coal bearing, and Taiyuan Fm.) from the Renlou Coal Mine in northern Anhui Province, China. The method can be applied in almost all coal mines and can be used for evaluating the contribution ratios if the water is collected from a mixing source.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 40603007)
文摘Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production.It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies.This study focused on the recharge,the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes.Hydrological,chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.In addition,the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable,and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick.Therefore,it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future,moreover,water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.
文摘The arid areas in China are mainly located in North China and NorthwestChina. The North China is the main region for food production. There is 31. 19% of the totalfarmland and 26. 01% of the total population, but only 6. 14% of the available water resources ofChina. Groundwater is over pumped (6. 53 X 10~9m^3 every year) in the regions of Beijing, Tianjin,and Hebei Province, so water supply could not meet the water demand there. The distribution of waterin Northwest China is uneven, some inland rivers and lakes are dried up, and desertification hasexpanded since river water in the upper and middle reaches is diverted for irrigation. Up to 2050,population will be up to 1. 6 X 10~9 in China, and industry will be developed fast, therefore 50% ofthe water supply will be used by industry and resident, and water for agriculture will be decreasedyear by year. In the coming 50 years, water demand for agriculture will be increased by 5. 6 x10^9m^3 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River valley, and by 1. 7 x 10~9m^3 in the Northwest China. It willbe impossible for the Huanghe River to meet the water demand, because it always dried up in the coldhalf year since 1984. To avoid water shortage of agriculture in the arid regions, it is necessaryto divert water from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River in the south of China, and to use waterefficiently. It is the best way to use drip irrigation in agriculture, recycle water in industry andresident use, and control water pollution. Otherwise water shortage in the arid regions willrestrict the development of agriculture in China.
文摘With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2008CB418006)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX-YW-14-1)
文摘One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR). To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms (39 taxa), green algae (47 taxa), blue-green algae (19 taxa), and others (12 taxa). Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L (at site 3 in August 2008). Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam (DJKD) was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 (especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10), but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.
基金Project(40873015) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(08010302062) supported by the Eleventh Five-year Scientific and Technological Program of Anhui Province,China
文摘Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were measured by ICP-MS for groundwater collected from deep seated Taiyuan Fm limestone aquifer (from -400 to -530 m) in Renlou Coal Mine, northern Anhui Province, China. It can be concluded that the groundwater is warm (34.0-37.2 ℃) C1-Ca, Na type water with circum-neutral pH (7.35-8.28) and high total dissolved solids (TDS, 1 746-2 849 mg/L). The groundwater exhibits heavy REEs enrichment relative to light REEs compared with Post Archean Average Shale (PAAS), as well as their aquifer rocks (limestone). The enrichment of REEs is considered to be controlled by terrigeneous materials (e.g. zircon) in aquifer rocks, whereas the fractionation of REEs is controlled by marine derived materials (e.g. calcite), to a less extent, terrigeneous materials and inorganic complexation. The Ce anomalies normalized to PAAS and aquifer rocks are weak, which probably reflects the signature of the aquifer rock rather than redox conditions or pH. The similarities of REE patterns between groundwater and aquifer rocks imply that aquifer rocks play important roles in controlling the REE characteristics of groundwater, and then provide a probability for discrimination of groundwater sources by using REEs.
文摘Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51079046, 50909041, 50809025, 50879024)the National Science and Technology Support Plan (Grant Nos. 2008BAB29B03, 2008BAB29B06)+6 种基金the Special Fund of State Key Laboratory of China (Grant Nos. 2009586012, 2010585212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 2009B08514, 2010B20414, 2010B14114)China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Co. Science and Technology Support Project (Grant No. CHC-KJ-2007-02)Jiangsu Province "333 High-Level Personnel Training Project" (Grant No. 2017-B08037)the Natural Science Foundation of Hohai University (Grant No. 2008426811)Graduate Innovation Program of Universities in Jiangsu Province (CX09B_163Z)Science Foundation for The Excellent Youth Scholars of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20070294023)
文摘In order to utilize water and hydropower resources in China,multitudes of water projects are established or to be constructed as an integral part of the national economy's infrastructure.Under these circumstances,there are two outstanding problems:1) a mass of existing dams are in danger and 2) in the southwest water-conservancy construction plan,dozens of existing or planned dams are high dams or even super high dams with heights between 200 and 300 m.In accordance with demands of "the National Program for Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development" on the innovation frontier in hydro-structure engineering science,various key problems in science and technology such like stress analysis,ultimate bearing capacity,nonlinearity etc.for high dams,super high dams and sick dams have been investigated.This paper makes a commentary on the advances and results of the researches,then analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current theoretics and methodologies,and finally presents corresponding research directions and the frontier of innovation.