水溶液pH值的测量及测量结果不确定度的评定

简要介绍了如何正确使用pH(酸度)计测量水溶液的pH值以及如何评价测量结果的不确定度。

Phosphate removal from aqueous solution by Donnan dialysis with anion-exchange membrane

The removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by Donnan dialysis with anion-exchange membrane was investigated.The results show that phosphate could be removed from aqueous solution without supplying external high pressure or electrical potential.Under the conditions of influent phosphate of 2.0 mg/L,counterion(Cl-)concentration of 0.1 mol/L,stirring speed of 500 r/min and phase temperature of 298 K,the removal of phosphate achieves 70.0%.Decreasing counterion concentration has little influence on the removal of phosphate,but phosphate amount in anion-exchange membrane increases significantly.With the increase of stirring speed and phase temperature,the removal efficiency of phosphate greatly is improved.Existing forms of phosphate in aqueous solution affected transport of phosphate and only strong acidic pH of feed solution(pH=3.0)decreases the removal of phosphate.Transport of phosphate is also accompanied by change of pH value of feed solution.In consequence,it might be a promise potential process for phosphate advanced wastewater treatment,especially in the area where high salted nature water can be utilized.

Removal of Cesium and Strontium from Aqueous Solution by Natural Bentonite： Effect of pH, Temperature and Bentonite Treatment

Sorption of radioisotopes onto a stable colloidal phase may significantly enhance their transport in groundwater. The adsorption of cesium （Cs＋） and strontium （St^＋＋ ） from aqueous solutions onto commercial natural bentonite （NB） was studied as a function of contact time, temperature, bentonite mass and bentonite treatment （washing and heat treatment） on the uptake of these cations, independently. The heat treatment was 700 ℃ and washed bentonite samples termed by CB and WB respectively. Batch experiments results showed that the adsorptive capacity of NB at 293,298 and 308 K for Cs^＋ and Sr^＋＋ were 110,105, 104 and 35, 33.6, 31.8 mg/g respectively. The experimental results for strontium adsorption 293, 298 and 308 K fit well to a Langmuirian and Frendlich type isotherm but cesium adsorption fit better with Langmuir than Frendlich isotherm. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy （△G°）, enthalpy （△H°） and entropy （AS°） of adsorption were also calculated for each cation. These parameters showed that the adsorption of Cs^＋ and Sr^＋＋ onto N B was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption of Sr^＋＋ and Cs^＋ increases with increasing pH （pH 2-8） and follows pseudo-second order kinetics reaching equilibrium after an equilibration time of 300 and 5 min respectively. The adsorbed amount of Cs^＋ not affected by washing of NB but affected by the heat treatment. However the adsorbed amount of Sr^＋＋ on WB was higher than NB and CB.

Adsorption of Phenol Aqueous Solutions and Two Nitroderivated on Activated Carbon

The adsorption of phenol, p-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol in aqueous phase on activated carbon is performed by evaluating factors such as the pH of the solution, it is found that the value in adsorbate molecule is upper and lower of its respective pKa. Likewise, the heterogeneity of the adsorbent solid is evaluated using commercial activated carbon, which is modified by means of oxidation with HNO3 and reduction with H2 fluxing at high temperature, treatments represent variatians in textural properties of solid which changed equally the superficial chemistry of the same. The major concentration of retained plLenol compound in some samples of carbon is produced in pH values which the solute is basically molecular.

Ultrasound assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of 3-chlorophenol in aqueous solution

Ultrasound assisted electrocatalytic process was used for enhancing decomposition efficiency of organic compounds. In this paper, the effect of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic intensity and pH value on 3-chlorophenol decomposition were studied. It was found that 3-chlorophenol in aqueous solution can be markedly decomposed by ultrasound assisted electrocatalytic process. The rate of decomposition increased with the increase of frequency, and low frequency is proper in the ultrasound assisted electrocatalytic system. The removal of 3-chlorophenol increased visibly with the increase of ultrasonic intensity until the intensity of 1.56 W/cm2. Alkaline condition is beneficial to 3-chlorophenol decomposition, the rate at pH 9.08 was higher than pH 2.48 and 6.85. The major intermediate formed during 3-chlorophenol decomposition was 2-chloro-pbenzoquinone, which was readily decomposed by ultrasound assisted electrocatalytic process.

4-羟基吡啶盐酸盐的表征

在合成4-羟基-3-硝基吡啶(HNP)的过程中发现市场上供应的一种4-羟基吡啶(C)仅含78%4-羟基吡啶(HP),含氯量14.4%。在遇到浓硫酸时放出氯化氢气体,怀疑(C)是HP的盐酸盐。为了证实,制备了HP的两种盐酸盐HP.HCl(A)和(HP)2.HCl.H2O(B),分析了它们的组成,用X-射线粉末衍射谱,熔点和水溶液的pH值作为参数进行表征。据此,证实了(C)就是(B)。在此基础上修改了HNP的合成工艺得到了高于文献报道的纯度和收率。

Synthesis of ZnO whiskers via hydrothermal decomposition route

ZnO whiskers with a length of 30-40μm and a diameter of about 1μm were synthesized by co-precipitation of ZnSO 4 and Na2CO3 solution at room temperature followed by hydrothermal treatment of the as-prepared Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 precursor at 160 ℃for 6 h.The increase of the initial solution pH promotes the hydrothermal conversion of the particulate Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 to ZnO whiskers.The presence of minor amount of EDTA in the hydrothermal solution promotes the one dimensional growth of ZnO whiskers,leading to the formation of ZnO whiskers with a length of 50-60μm and a diameter of 1-2μm.

Effects of different conditions on Pb^(2+) adsorption from soil by irrigation of sewage in South China

Pb2＋ adsorption onto a soil by irrigation of sewage in the Pearl River Delta of South China was examined as a function of the reaction time, solution pH, initial lead concentration, organic matter （humic acid） and competitive ions （Cu2＋）. The adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil was investigated on batch equilibrium adsorption experiments. Results show that the Pb2＋ adsorption on the soil is relatively rapid in the first 30 min and reaches equilibrium at 2 h, and the kinetics of the adsorption process on the soil is well characterized by the pseudo-second order reaction rate. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isothermal models are fit for the adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil, and the maximum amount of Pb2＋ adsorption （Qm） is 7.47 mg/g. The amount of Pb2＋ adsorption increases with increasing the pH at the range of 1.2-4.5 and reaches a plateau at the range of 4.5-12. The presence of humic acid in soil decreases the adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil at solution pH of 8 since the negatively charged humic acid with Pb2＋ is difficult to be adsorbed on the negatively charged soil surface. The adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil also decreases in the presence of Cu2＋ due to file competition adsorption between Pb2＋ and Cu2＋.

Effects of curing age on compressive and tensile stress-strain behaviors of ecological high ductility cementitious composites

To obtain the design parameters of the structure made by ecological high ductility cementitious composites(Eco-HDCC),the effects of curing age on the compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships were studied.The reaction degree of fly ash,non-evaporable water content and the pH value in pore solution were calculated to reveal the mechanical property.The results indicate that as the curing age increases,the peak compressive strength,peak compressive strain and ultimate tensile strength of Eco-HDCC increase.However,the ultimate compressive strain and ultimate tensile strain of Eco-HDCC decrease with the increase in curing age.Besides,as the curing age increases,the reaction degree of fly ash and non-evaporable water content in Eco-HDCC increase,while the pH value in the pore solution of Eco-HDCC decreases.Finally,the simplified compressive and tensile stress-strain constitutive relationship models of Eco-HDCC with a curing age of 28 d were suggested for the structure design safety.

Removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from surplus sludge

Activated carbon(AC) was prepared from surplus sludge using chemical activation method with the assistance of ZnCl2. The influences of process parameters on the AC's specific surface area and adsorption capacity for Pb2+ were examined to optimize these parameters. The optimal conditions for the preparation of AC were determined to be activation temperature of 500 °C, activation time of 1 h, impregnation ratio of 1:1(solid-to-liquid volume) with the 30% ZnCl2 solution(mass fraction), giving the BET surface area of 393.85 m2/g and yield of 30.14% with 33.45% ash. Also, the pyrolysis temperature was found to be the most important parameter in chemical activation. FTIR spectra provided the evidence of some surface structures such as C=C and C—O—C. In the adsorption studies, a rise in solution pH led to a significant increase in adsorption capacity when the pH value varied from 3.0 to 7.0, and the optimal pH for removal of Pb2+ was 7.0. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order equation provided better correlation for the adsorption rate than the pseudo-first-order and the Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich model for adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity of AC to Pb2+ was 11.75 mg/L at solution pH 7.0, the equilibrium time 480 min and 25 °C. Moreover, the adsorption process is endothermic according to the value of enthalpy change.