道光二十八年扬州卫三帮漕运水程清册研究

漕运水程清册是漕粮运输活动控制时限性的备查文书。漕帮在完成一次漕粮运输后要将本次的水程清册上交卫所以备查验。泰州市博物馆藏有扬州卫三帮嘉庆至同治时期的漕运档案,其中道光二十八年漕运回空水程清册保存相对完整,包括全程水程清册和十日水程清册。水程清册记录了扬州卫三帮漕运路线及帮船行经州县,出入境时日,沿途城镇、村庄、闸坝、码头等,对研究清代漕运和大运河文化具有重要的史料价值。

明钱榖《纪行图册》、张复《水程图》之大运河现地研究与GIS呈现(之三)

钱榖《纪行图册》以王世贞隆庆四年(1570)六月《适晋纪行》为蓝本,绘成仓山小祗园至扬州扬子桥三十二幅;张复《水程图》因王世贞于万历二年(1574)二月入领太仆之役,附舟而北,绘成邵伯至通州水程五十二幅。两卷皆以写实为之,在明人画中堪称独绝。文章以现地研究法进行三项处理:一、此次王世贞北行,正在隆庆新河既成,泇河之议方生的明代大运河变动期,文章将二人所经过之水程全部数字化;二、钱榖自言“维欲记其目前真境”,文章利用明清旅行日记、方志、古今地图及笔者现地考察所得,将各图逐一解说,指出图面所绘内容,验证画者写真实践的程度;三、此八十余幅之价值,如同发现一大箱明代的拍摄影带,文章发挥其自身的影像本色,形象化地指出明代大运河的真正面目。

明钱谷《纪行图册》、张复《水程图》之大运河现地研究与GIS呈现(之一)

钱谷《纪行图册》以王世贞隆庆四年(1570)六月《适晋纪行》为蓝本,绘成仓山小祗园至扬州扬子桥三十二幅;张复《水程图》因王世贞于万历二年(1574)二月入领太仆之役,附舟而北,绘成邵伯至通州水程五十二幅。两卷皆以写实为之,在明人画中堪称独绝。文章以现地研究法进行三项处理:一、此次王世贞北行,正在隆庆新河既成,泇河之议方生的明代大运河变动期,文章将二人所经过之水程全部数字化;二、钱谷自言“维欲记其目前真境”,文章利用明清旅行日记、方志、古今地图及笔者现地考察所得,将各图逐一解说,指出图面所绘内容,验证画者写真实践的程度;三、此八十余幅之价值,如同发现一大箱明代的拍摄影带,文章发挥其自身的影像本色,形象化地指出明代大运河的真正面目。

明钱穀《纪行图册》张复《水程图》之大运河现地研究与GIS呈现(之四)

钱榖《纪行图册》以王世贞隆庆四年(1570)六月《适晋纪行》为蓝本,绘成仓山小祗园至扬州扬子桥三十二幅;张复《水程图》因王世贞于万历二年(1574)二月入领太仆之役,附舟而北,绘成邵伯至通州水程五十二幅。两卷皆以写实为之,在明人画中堪称独绝。文章以现地研究法进行三项处理:一、此次王世贞北行,正在隆庆新河既成,泇河之议方生的明代大运河变动期,文章将二人所经过之水程全部数字化;二、钱榖自言“维欲记其目前真境”,文章利用明清旅行日记、方志、古今地图及笔者现地考察所得,将各图逐一解说,指出图面所绘内容,验证画者写真实践的程度;三、此八十余幅之价值,如同发现一大箱明代的拍摄影带,文章发挥其自身的影像本色,形象化地指出明代大运河的真正面目。

明钱榖《纪行图册》、张复《水程图》之大运河现地研究与GIS呈现(之二)

钱榖《纪行图册》以王世贞隆庆四年(1570)六月《适晋纪行》为蓝本,绘成仓山小祗园至扬州扬子桥三十二幅;张复《水程图》因王世贞于万历二年(1574)二月入领太仆之役,附舟而北,绘成邵伯至通州水程五十二幅。两卷皆以写实为之,在明人画中堪称独绝。文章以现地研究法进行三项处理:一、此次王世贞北行,正在隆庆新河既成,泇河之议方生的明代大运河变动期,文章将二人所经过之水程全部数字化;二、钱榖自言“维欲记其目前真境”,文章利用明清旅行日记、方志、古今地图及笔者现地考察所得,将各图逐一解说,指出图面所绘内容,验证画者写真实践的程度;三、此八十余幅之价值,如同发现一大箱明代的拍摄影带,文章发挥其自身的影像本色,形象化地指出明代大运河的真正面目。

“水程”与“议单”:清代和州等地房地产文书的书立

在清代徽州和和州的文书中,存在类似江南的“经账”类文书和汉口徽商具立的“水程”类文书一“水程”或“吉程”。在和州文书中还存在类似江南的“草议”和汉口的“允议约”文书——“议单”。分析“水程”类文书,可以得出如下结论:一是江南的经账、汉口的水程、徽州的水程和和州的水程、吉程,尽管文书名称稍异,但其性质相同,都是宋元时代盛行的问账定据形式,反映了业户出售房地产的意愿,由业户或卖主书立的,公告出让不动产寻求买主的文书。二是直至清代甚至民国时期,无论江南还是安徽各地及华中汉口等地,民间转移房地产时,买卖双方在具立正契之先,通常会由中见人出面,具立“议单”、“议约”或“允议约”,以昭信用。三是水程存在于华中的汉口和徽州、和州甚至安徽其他地方,草议或议单、议约存在于江南、华中的汉口、安徽和州等地,定帖存在于华南的广东,其广泛存在于房地产交易过程中,说明至迟到清代以至民国初年,各地房地产交易文书的具立形式和步骤多是历史的沿袭,均极为慎重周详,虽各有特色,但大致相同,趋向一致。异域同风在房地产文书的书立上表现得极为明显。

基于氢氧稳定同位素的鄱阳湖流域“五河”新水比例及其滞留时间量化研究

流域河流新水比例和滞留时间是表征径流过程以及污染物、营养物质运输的重要参数。确定水的来源及其在流域内的滞留时间,对于理解流域水文过程和功能至关重要。为了定量解析鄱阳湖流域河流的新水比例和滞留时间,本文通过对鄱阳湖流域降水及河水(赣江、修河、信江、抚河、饶河,以下简称“五河”)稳定同位素(δ^(18)O和δD)的高频率监测与分析,利用正弦拟合方法分析了降水和河水δ^(18)O和δD值的变化。结果表明:(1)“五河”河水及降水氢氧同位素表现出相似的季节变化特征,雨季(57月)较为贫化,旱季(12月次年2月)较为富集,河水同位素变化与局地降水同位素、地下水同位素密切相关,说明流域内不同水体之间存在良好的水文连通性;(2)“五河”流域内小于3个月的新水占比范围为3%~42%,流域内滞留时间范围为123.83~2495.0 d,其中赣江平均滞留时间最长、新水比例最低,乐安河和昌江的新水比例最高、平均滞留时间最短;(3)流域面积和单位面积上干流长度是“五河”流域新水比例的主要控制因素,坡度与新水比例存在负相关关系,但其负相关性被单位面积上干流长度与新水比例的正相关性所掩盖;(4)修河、赣江流域较其他流域显著受到蒸发分馏的影响;(5)鄱阳湖湖水同位素值明显高于河水,且在湖口站点湖水同位素值较都昌站点偏低,这表明湖口站湖水受长江来水和蒸发分馏的影响。该研究结果有助于对鄱阳湖流域水文联系和水文过程进行解析,可为流域污染物的输移模拟及其机制阐释等提供科学参考。

土木工程的发展与未来—修改《土木工程总论》教材的体会—第十届全国结构工程学术会议特邀报告

本文对我国改革开放后，特别是近几年土木工程的发展进行综述，因为笔者正在对1997年出版的《土木工程总论》（高等学校建筑工程专业系列教材）进行修改，体会是深切的。归纳为6个方面：一曰辉煌建设成就；二曰可持续发展；三曰掌握时代脉膊；四曰保护生存环境；五曰争取生存空间；六曰宏伟战略布置。以我国为主，间亦涉及国外情况。

Activating d^(10)electronic configuration to regulate p-band centers as efficient active sites for solar energy conversion into H_(2)by surface atomic arrangement

Relationship between the activity for photocatalytic H_(2)O overall splitting(HOS)and the electron occupancy on d orbits of the active component in photocatalysts shows volcanic diagram,and specially the d^(10)electronic configuration in valley bottom exhibits inert activity,which seriously fetters the development of catalytic materials with great potentials.Herein,In d^(10)electronic configuration of In_(2)O_(3)was activated by phosphorus atoms replacing its lattice oxygen to regulate the collocation of the ascended In 5p-band(Inɛ5p)and descended O 2p-band(Oɛ2p)centers as efficient active sites for chemisorption to*OH and*H during forward HOS,respectively,along with a declined In 4d-band center(Inɛ4d)to inhibit its backward reaction.A stable STH efficiency of 2.23%under AM 1.5 G irradiation at 65°C has been obtained over the activated d^(10)electronic configuration with a lowered activation energy for H_(2)evolution,verified by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of dynamics.These findings devote to activating d^(10)electronic configuration for resolving the reaction energy barrier and dynamical bottleneck of forward HOS,which expands the exploration of high-efficiency catalytic materials.

计量检定为水利工程和科学试验把好量值准确关

计量检定为水利工程和科学试验把好量值准确关王黎（水利部长江计量检定中心武汉４３００１０）计量是实现单位统一和量值准确可靠的测量，它涉及整个测量领域，对整个测量范围起指导、监督、保证、公证和仲裁作用。计量检定能确保仪器设备读数准确和量值在全国范围内统一...

ф500～1000mm管材超声波水浸法自动探伤设备

大直径管材水浸法超声波自动化探伤设备由探伤主机、辊道机械传动系统、电气控制系统、水路系统、超声波探伤仪及计算机系统组成。所研制设备采用水浸法,通过产生横波进行全面扫查,然后由超声波探伤仪判别,最后由计算机记录缺陷大小并报警,最终实现超声波自动化探伤要求。

Hydrological Process Factors Analysis of Heihe River Mountain Basin Based on GIS

Hydrological process factors are a reflection of the physical mechanism of basin hydrology,which can provide important basis for the use and protection of water resources.Taking Heihe River Mountain Basin as the study area,the hydrological simulation was made based on SWAT-GIS integrated model platform.The calculation methods of hydrological process factors using SWAT model were described based on the simulation results of runoff from 1990 to 2000.Hydrological process factors in the study area were analyzed by using GIS technology.The spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation,runoff,infiltration,evapotranspiration and snowmelt in the basin were calculated and analyzed.

Development of the artificial seabed technology and implementation pretrial well in the South China Sea

This paper introduces the recent highly significant activity of China Oilfield Services Ltd. （COSL） in the South China Sea, where COSL conducted pretrial drilling in June of 2008. The paper discusses some key research and new practices which led to the fabrication of related equipment which was evaluated in the trial. The market for deepwater drilling in the world has grown over the past 10 years but there are few drilling vessels or platforms suitable for drilling in deepwater or super deepwater. China needs equipment capable of deepwater drilling operations. COSL has some semisubmersible platforms, but they are only considered suitable for operations in water depths less than 475 m. An enabling technology, referred to as an artificial seabed, has been under development by COSL since 2004, and it applies the research results and experiences of many experts in deepwater drilling. COSL hopes this technology will allow drilling to depths of approximately 1 000-1 500m with its current platforms. The paper presents research progress and improvements in fabrication and necessary upgrades to equipment for extending deepwater drilling. The pretrial well was executed at a water depth of nearly 500m. COSL will drill the trial well around 2009 at the same location in the South China Sea.

陶澍辟海运新道初探

清代中叶的政治家陶澍(1779-1839年)不仅荡涤了盐政积弊,而且在倡导海运上作出了成绩。1825年(道光五年),他由安徽巡抚调任江苏巡抚后,和两江总督英和、江苏布政使贺长龄新辟从吴淞口至十(?)这条入海道,并奏请以苏、松、常、镇、太仓之漕百六十石归海运,过令山、大沙,北趋成山,又转西偏北至庙岛达天津,“水程四千余里,旬月抵京,无一漂损者”①,民咸称便。实际上,海运开辟已久。“《禹贡》载,扬州贡赋,沿海达淮、冀州,夹右碣石入海,即海运之始,秦唐亦偶行,其道难稽。明则由胶莱内河转般登州,实为劳费。惟元代海运最久”。②清康熙年间.亦“开海禁”.“商船往还关东、天津等处,习以为常”。因此,予陶澍以首创海运的桂冠,实属不确。

Research Progress of Evaluation Index of Soil Moisture

In modern agriculture, accurate and effective measurements of soil water content lays foundation for promotion on precision irrigation technology and improvement on water use efficiency. The research reviewed soil moisture indices at home and abroad and classified the indices into two categories in order to make prediction on soil moisture and take measures. Specifically, single indices included precipitation index, soil moisture index, and crop drought index and overall indices included supply/demand water index of crops, overall water index, PDSI, crop water shortage index. Soil moisture index was analyzed in terms of advantages and disadvantages,as well as adaptability in agriculture, providing references for relieving and predicting adverse effects on agriculture and formulating scientific policies.

介绍一商业书抄本

一商业书抄本,封面无文字,棉纸本,每页十行,每行二十字,也有二十余字的。抄录有《客商规略》、《杂粮统论》、《船脚总论》、《客商十要》、《买卖机关》、《贸易赋》、《经营说》、《醒迷论》、《上楚长江地名水程歌》、《下长江程引》、《行船装载略》,以及镇江至湖南衡州和江西赣州的水程图等,共152页。钤有《江上峰青》、《平生一片心》、《澳上钓徒》、《寸心》等印记。初步查对,《客商规略》即《士商规略》源于《三台万用正宗》中的《客商规鉴论》。《客商规略》,《客商十要》和《买卖机关》三文与憺漪子《士商要览》

Influence of Rainfall Run-off in Hydrologic Process on Non-Point Pollution

[Objective] This study aimed to study on influence of rainfall runoff on non-point pollution and to reduce the pollution through control of the contamination produced from rainfall runoff. [Method] In order to explore effective methods to decrease non-point pollution, we conducted analysis on hydrological process of rainfall runoff, interaction mechanism between the process and non-point pollutants, the influence on non-point pollution and hydrological model application in the research. [Result] It was proved that rainfall runoff was the main factor of non-point pollution. Control from source strengthened clearing and controlling of non-point pollutants on the ground. Growing plants in slope effectively reduced the scour and erosion of rainfall runoff on soil. The study became simple thanks for the hydrological process. [Conclusion] The research indicated that non-point pollution would be effectively reduced through control of rainfall runoff.

Rate Law for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Over CuO

Photocatalytic splitting of water over p-type semiconductors is a promising strategy for production of hydrogen.However,the determination of rate law is rarely reported.To this purpose,copper oxide(CuO)is selected as a model photocathode in this study,and the photogenerated surface charge density,interfacial charge transfer rate constant and their relation to the water reduction rate(in terms of photocurrent)were investigated by a combination of(photo)electrochemical techniques.The results showed that the charge transfer rate constant is exponential-dependent on the surface charge density,and that the photocurrent equals to the product of the charge transfer rate constant and surface charge density.The reaction is first-order in terms of surface charge density.Such an unconventional rate law contrasts with the reports in literature.The charge density-dependent rate constant results from the Fermi level pinning(i.e.,Galvani potential is the main driving force for the reaction)due to accumulation of charge in the surface states and/or Frumkin behavior(i.e.,chemical potential is the main driving force).This study,therefore,may be helpful for further investigation on the mechanism of hydrogen evolution over a CuO photocathode and for designing more efficient CuO-based photocatalysts.

Electrolyte engineering for optimizing anode/electrolyte interface towards superior aqueous zinc-ion batteries:A review

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) are promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage systems due to their high intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.However,issues such as dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,and interfacial passivation occurring at the anode/electrolyte interface(AEI) have hindered their practical application.Constructing a stable AEI plays a key role in regulating zinc deposition and improving the cycle life of AZIBs.The fundamentals of AEI and the challenges faced by the Zn anode due to unstable interfaces are discussed.A comprehensive summary of electrolyte regulation strategies by electrolyte engineering to achieve a stable Zn anode is provided.The effectiveness evaluation techniques for stable AEI are also analyzed,including the interfacial chemistry and surface morphology evolution of the Zn anode.Finally,suggestions and perspectives for future research are offered about enabling a durable and stable AEI via electrolyte engineering,which may pave the way for developing high-performance AZIBs.

改性木钙高效减水剂GCL1-3A在水利工程中的应用

通过对几种混凝土减水剂的对比试验 ,选用改性木钙缓凝高效减水剂GCL1- 3A应用于蓬辣滩水利工程。对比和实际应用结果表明 :GCL1- 3A与目前广泛使用的萘系高效减水剂相比 ,其减水增强效果相似 ,但具有价格低廉 ,降低早期水泥水化热 ,塌落度损失小 ,混凝土保水性。