水稻-玉米112的选育及其生物学特性

将水稻的染色体及其片段作为供体,在一定的条件下导入到受体玉米的细胞中,和受体细胞的玉米染色体进行染色体杂交,形成新型的水稻-玉米杂交染色体,从而获得该杂交染色体表达的水稻-玉米染色体杂交植株。与未经杂交的对照玉米比较,其植株、叶片、果穗、籽粒等生物学性状均发生了明显变化。文章对该水稻-玉米112杂交品种的创制和生物学性状作一简要的分析报道。

农业大数据在玉米-水稻轮作系统中的应用分析

我国正处在由传统农业向现代农业转型的重要阶段,大数据技术已被广泛应用于农村现代化建设,为解决农村现代化发展进程中出现的各种问题提供了新的思路与途径。该文以玉米-水稻轮作系统为研究对象,分析了大数据技术在该系统中的应用,阐述了农业大数据对提高农业生产效率、促进农业现代化发展的重要意义,旨在为相关产业的发展提供决策支持与实践指导。

水稻-鲜食玉米轮作模式下草地贪夜蛾发生监测与防治技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在云南省德宏芒市玉米种植区可周年繁殖,世代重叠。随着季风和气候的影响,本地虫源和境外虫源的叠加,致使草地贪夜蛾的爆发风险高。本研究在芒市遮放镇粮经轮作模式下(水稻-鲜食玉米),全程采用信息素监测,诱捕成虫,根据成虫的发生情况,适时采用低剂量药剂防治低龄幼虫的方式进行草地贪夜蛾的防治。结果表明,在水稻-鲜食玉米水旱轮作栽培模式下,采用成虫长期信息素监测和诱杀与幼虫适时监测和低剂量药剂防治相结合,可有效降低轮作区鲜食玉米草地贪夜蛾的发生为害,当季用药3次,可得到有效控制。研究结果可为水稻-玉米轮作模式下草地贪夜蛾的高效防控提供参考。

玉米-水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照,研究玉米-水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响,为稻田系统玉米-水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米-水稻轮作,在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样,测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比,玉米-水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%;土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%,主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比,玉米-水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低,土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤,玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际,水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中,轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比,玉米-水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量,有利于氮素有效性的提高。

玉米-水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

在水稻种植中,土壤根际和非根际氮含量和酶活性对水稻品质和产量存在影响,因此需要对其种植模式进行探索,本文通过实验案例对玉米-水稻轮作和水稻连作两种种植模式下土壤根际和非根际氮含量和酶活性情况进行分析,为农业种植提供相应参考。

闽南地区玉米—玉米—水稻一年三熟制高效栽培技术

为提高耕地的复种指数和经济效益,同时实行水旱轮作、用养结合,改善稻田土壤性状和种植结构,有效地减少病虫害的发生。长泰县经过几年来试验、探索,总结出玉米—玉米—水稻高效栽培模式的种植技术、种植方法,并对经济效益进行阐述、分析。

Molecular Characterization of Segments S7 to S10 of a Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Isolate from Maize in Northern China

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a novel Fijivirus prevalent in rice in southern and central China,and northern Vietnam. Its genome has 10 segments of double-stranded RNA named S1 to S10 according to their size. An isolate of SRBSDV,JNi4,was obtained from naturally infected maize plants from Ji'ning,Shandong province,in the 2008 maize season. Segments S7 to S10 of JNi4 share nucleotide identities of 72.6%-73.1%,72.3%-73%,73.9%-74.5% and 77.3%-79%,respectively,with corresponding segments of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolates,and identities of 99.7%,99.1%-99.7%,98.9%-99.5%,and 98.6%-99.2% with those of SRBSDV isolates HN and GD. JNi4 forms a separate branch with GD and HN in the phylogenetic trees constructed with genomic sequences of S7 to S10. These results confirm the proposed taxonomic status of SRBSDV as a distinct species of the genus Fijivirus and indicate that JNi4 is an isolate of SRBSDV. Shandong is so far the northernmost region where SRBSDV is found in China.

Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Farmland

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of controlled release fertilizer on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland. [Method] Experiment was conducted in fields planted with rice and corn around Chao Lake and effects of compound fertilizer, controlled release fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer （reduced by 20%） on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus through runoff and leaching were analyzed. [Result] Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly occurred in early stage of fertilizing; loss caused by runoff accounted for over 98% and caused by leaching was lower than 2%, indicating that nutrients of rice and corn mainly lost through runoff. As for controlled release fertilizers with 20% reduced, total loss of N and P decreased by 60% and 63% in rice field and reduced by 27.8% and 34% in corn field, respectively, indicating that controlled release fertilizer would maintain nutrients in soils high in later period of plant growth, improve use efficiency of N and P, reduce N and P loss in rice and corn fields in rainy season, and decrease non-point pollution. [Conclusion] The research suggested that controlled release fertilizer would slow down the loss of nutrients in farmlands, providing scientific references and technological support for extension of controlled release fertilizer and reduction of agricultural non-point pollution.

Parameters Effecting on Head Brown Rice Recovery and Energy Consumption of Rubber Roll and Stone Disk Dehusking

Application of improper methods on rice processing affects rice quality and head rice recovery. In Vietnam, paddy with different moisture contents （from 13% to 17%） is dehusked by both rubber roll and stone disk. Thus, objective of this research was to evaluate the technical and economic aspects of the two methods. Optimization was conducted with 20 experiments for input factors （moisture content） and output factors （head brown rice recovery, specific energy consumption）. Besides, other factors were also monitored, such as the gap between the two disks, speed of disk and roll, and pressure of rubber roll on paddy. Test results showed that the maximum value of head brown rice （77.4%） and the minimum value of specific energy consumption （0.66 kWh/ton） corresponding to moisture content of paddy of 13.7% for stone disk dehusker. At similar moisture content （13.7%）, head brown rice recovery and specific energy consumption were 77.2% and 1.04 kWh/ton for rubber roll dehusker, respectively. As the result, specific energy consumption of rubber roll dehusker was higher than that of stone disk dehusker, corresponding to the higher dehusking efficiency.

高效轮作栽培关键技术解析

玉米/辣椒-水稻-蔬菜高效轮作栽培模式是一种高效的栽培模式,适合用于生产双季稻的地区。运用玉米/辣椒-水稻-蔬菜高效轮作栽培模式每公顷耕地的粮食产量与水稻-水稻-蔬菜模式基本持平,总产值每公顷土地增加了63510.5元,纯收益增加了48505.8元。因此,要把玉米/辣椒-水稻-蔬菜高效轮作栽培模式应用在双季稻的地区,提高当地的经济效益。本文介绍了玉米/辣椒-水稻-蔬菜高效轮作栽培模式及其优势,探讨了玉米/辣椒-水稻-蔬菜高效轮作栽培关键技术。

寒地水旱轮作及秸秆还田对土壤相关酶活性的影响

以黑龙江省水稻→玉米轮作系统为研究对象,结合秸秆还田长期定位试验,研究了水稻→玉米轮作及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,为确定适宜的寒地水稻→玉米轮作技术模式提供理论支撑。试验结果表明,与水稻连作相比,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶和乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶活性;与玉米连作相比,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作降低了木聚糖酶活性。秸秆还田条件下,玉米连作处理提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,而水稻→水稻→玉米轮作和水稻连作处理却降低了土壤CAT活性;秸秆还田条件下,玉米连作处理降低了乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶活性,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作处理提高了蔗糖酶活性。