全球内陆降水背景值研究

言前美国维吉尼亚大学(Univerlity of-Viginia)在大西洋、印度洋、太平洋以及北冰洋边建立了近十个全球性降水背景点,研究全球降水变化趋势。但这些点都设在海洋里,从1987年开始,与云南省环境监测站合作选择东经100°9′,北纬27°13′。

虚拟水战略背景下的中国粮食生产空间布局优化研究

首先,用人均农村人口粮食产量指标定量表征我国粮食生产空间布局现状,发现我国粮食生产空间布局存在"北方多、南方少,中间多、两边少"的特点,主高值区位于东北和内蒙古一带,次高值区由河南、安徽、山东、江苏、湖南、江西和重庆等中西部省份组成;主低值区为东南沿海一带,次低值区是由西北和西南诸省组成的广大地域。然后,为探究虚拟水战略背景下我国粮食生产的理想布局模式,提出区域粮食生产优势度的概念,分析其影响因素,运用定量评价模型计算各省级区域的粮食生产优势度。发现区域粮食生产优势度有2个高优势度带和2个低优势度带,且高优势度和低优势度区呈带状相间分布。最后,构建粮食生产布局调整指数作为我国不同区域粮食生产优化调整的依据,分类给出了区域粮食生产调整的方向。

虚拟水战略背景下的湖南粮食生产问题思考

虚拟水战略背景下区域粮食生产的经济和社会环境会产生相应变化。湖南作为水土资源条件优越的省份,将面临粮价上升和国家重视粮食生产的新机遇。因此,应该立足其资源优势,扩大粮食生产规模,将其打造成我国虚拟水输出大省,为国家的粮食安全和水资源安全贡献出应有的力量。

滇西北地区活动构造温泉水汞背景值观测研究

采用流动采样、定点观测分析方法,对滇西北地区部分典型活动断裂带上天然出露的温泉,进行水汞背景值(本底值)调查和观测研究,得出各点位温泉中水汞的正常变化范围、空间分布特征,以及与活动构造的关系,用于滇西北地区地震短临跟踪加密观测,以及强震现场周围的前兆异常监视工作。

赤水河水系水环境背景值及其地球化学特征

系统地披露了赤水河水系天然河流理化指标、主要水化学成分以及原水、过滤水、悬浮物、沉积物、水生生物(鱼)等水环境要素15种微量元素的水环境背景值及其地球化学特征、规律。

基于水生态文明建设背景下的城市中小河流治理思考研究

针对城市中小河流治理中存在的问题,如水面变窄、河流污染比较严重、河流硬化等等,进行科学分析,并简要介绍了城市中小河流治理内容,提出基于水生态文明建设背景下的城市中小河流治理策略,希望能够给相关学者提供良好的借鉴与参考。

西方文学中水文化初探

水是生命之源,亦是文学艺术永恒的主题。古今中外文学中表现出的水文化,成为文学作品中最能打动人类心灵的内容之一。本文试从解释"西方文学中的水文化"等概念入手,从"以水为背景的文学作品"和"文学作品中的水意向"两个层面,梳理西方文学中水文化的主要表现方式与部分代表作品,并初步探讨西方文学中水文化观念的演变以及学习、研究水文学的价值和意义,并以此求教于方家。

水文化:外国文学新视阈

水是生命之源,亦是文学艺术永恒的主题。古今中外文学中表现出的水文化,成为文学作品中最能打动人类心灵的部分之一。本文试从解释"外国文学中的水文化"等概念入手,从"以水为背景的文学作品"和"文学作品中的水意向"两个方面,梳理外国文学中水文化的主要表现方式与部分代表作品,并大致探讨外国文学中水文化观念的演变以及学习、研究水文学的价值和意义,并以此求教于方家。

水环境有毒重金属污染的防控与监管路线

有毒重金属污染已成为我国的重大环境问题。对有毒重金属污染进行有效监管,首先,必须明确认定,对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件。这种监管方式自2008年《笫一次全国污染源普查工业产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有切实实施的可行性。《源头总量控制》与《水环境容量总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力。我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB3838—88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题,以一个10t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大。总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式。

防控水环境有毒重金属污染的监管路线和对策

对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件。这种监管方式自2008年《笫一次全国污染源普查工业产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有其切实实施的可行性。《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》2种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力。我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB3838-88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在着"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题;以一个10t电解铅的企业为例,证明2种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大。总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式。

虚拟水战略背景下的中国农业生产空间布局优化研究

鉴于当前我国虚拟水经济影响研究方面尚较少触及的现实,该研究用虚拟水战略的视角,通过构建定量评价指标体系的方法来探究我国当前农业生产布局的优化问题。首先,用人均农村人口主要农畜产品虚拟水含量指标定量表征我国农业生产空间布局现状,发现我国农业生产空间布局存在明显的"北方多、南方少"特点,其中,高值区由展布在北方地区的黑龙江、吉林、宁夏、新疆等10个省区组成;而主低值区则分布在我国东南和西南沿海一带。然后,为探究虚拟水战略背景下我国农业生产的理想布局模式,提出区域农业生产优势度的概念,分析其影响因素,运用定量评价模型计算各省级区域的农业生产优势度。发现区域农业生产优势度整体上呈现北、西、南三面高,中东部低的宏观态势。其中,高优势度区域呈向东开口的喇叭型结构分布于我国的沿边省份,低优势度区域集中连片地分布在我国地理版图中东部的甘肃、宁夏、山西、陕西、河北、河南、北京、天津等省市区。最后,构建农业生产布局调整指数作为我国不同区域农业生产优化调整的依据,将虚拟水战略背景下我国区域农业生产划分为布局合理型、布局过密型和布局过疏型三类,分别给出了其农业生产发展的方向。

MULTI-PHASE ACTIVE CONTOUR MODEL FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION BASED ON LEVEL SETS

A new multi-phase active contour model is proposed for the image segmentation. It is a generalization of the C-V model with the following characteristics： （1） A key technique, called the technique of painting background （TPBG）, is developed to remove the information of the background, which blocks the detection of weak boundaries in the object; （2） The two-phase level set is applied multiple times for getting the multi-phase segmentation model （n-1 times for the n-phase model, n〉1）; （3） A scaling-based method is introduced to improve the basic model. Experimental results show that the proposed model is effective for detecting weak boundaries.

PYRAMIDAL MULTIPHASE LEVEL SET FRAMEWORK FOR BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION USING GENERALIZED TECHNIQUE OF PAINTING BACKGROUND

The pyramidal multiphase level set framework （PMLSF） based on the technique of painting background （TPBG） and the Chan-Vese model can detect multiple objects on a given image. However, the boundaries of the sub-object obtained by PMLSF-TPBG are not variable since a specialcolor parameter is used in TPBG. To solve the problem, a new technique utilizing a varying parameter is proposed to ensure that PMLSF is effective for the detection of the desired boundaries of the sub-object. The interval of the variable color parameter is proved and the effects of the parameter are also discussed. Experimental results for the brain tumor detection show that different boundaries of the brain tumors can be detected with different color parameters. It is especially useful for clinical diagnoses.

气象领域的中美科技交流

气象事业是我国对外开放较早的领域。1973年,随着周恩来总理亲自批准建设现代化的北京气象枢纽-BQS系统,中国与美国、西欧、日本等发达国家的气象交流逐步向前发展,我国气象通信自动化和气象信息接受、发送现代化进程加快,气象事业很快与国际接轨,七十年代末。

会议消息

城乡建设环保部环保局召开“环境保护科技攻关汇报会”为了总结检查“六五”期间国家科技攻关项目《环境保护和污染综合防治技术》进展情况,建设部环保局经与中国科学院环委会办公室、农牧渔业部环保办公室研究,于一九八四年五月四日至九日,建设部环保局在无锡市主持召开了攻关汇报会。检查进展情况,总结交流经验。

AN ANALYSIS OF THE WINTER EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS ON THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around i99I, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate wanning. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate wanning was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastem China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastem China.

Method for Measuring Self-noise of Vector Hydrophones

The Vector Hydrophone(VH) is widely used to remotely detect underwater targets. Accurately measuring the self-noise of the VH provides an important basis for evaluating the performance of the detection system in which it is utilized, since the ability to acquire weak signals is determined by the VH self-noise level. To accurately measure the VH self-noise level in actual working conditions, the Dual-channel Transfer Function Method(DTFM) is proposed to reduce ambient background noise interference. In this paper, the underlying principles of DTFM in reducing ambient background noise is analyzed. The numerical simulations to determine the influence of ambient background noise, and the sensitivity difference of the two VHs on the measurement results are studied. The results of measuring the VH self-noise level in a small laboratory water tank by using DTMF indicate that ambient background noise interference can be reduced effectively by employing DTMF, more accurate self-noise level can be obtained as well. The DTMF provides an effective method for accurately measuring the self-noise level of VHs and also provides technical support for the practical application of the VH in underwater acoustics.

Study on “triangle” water-inrush mode of strong water-guide collapse column

The water-inrush mechanism of strong water-guide collapse column in coal seam is studied based on the establishment of geological and mathematical models of "triangle" water-inrush mode. The geological background of Shuangliu mine is considered a prototype, similar simulation tests are adopted to analyze the water-inrush rules under this model, and the formation of water-guide channel and water-inrush process is investigated by examining the changes in rock resistivity. This work also uses the coupled cloud image derived from numerical simulation software to verify the results of simulation test. Results show that the numerical simulation of "triangle" water-inrush mode is consistent with the similar simulation. The "triangle" seepage area, which is located at the bottom of collapse columns and is connected to aquifer, is caused by the altered seepage direction and strengthened seepage actions after the overlapping of hydraulic transverse seepage in collapse column and hydraulic vertical seepage flow in aquifer. Under "triangle"water-inrush model, water-guide channel is formed by the communication between plastic failure zone of working face baseplate and"triangular" seepage area. Accordingly, the threatening water-inrush distance between working face and collapse column increases by 20 m compared with that of theoretical calculation.

Double beam near-infrared spectrometer for compensation of background water absorption and instrumental drift in intensity

A double beam near-infrared spectrometer is developed to compensate the water absorption and instrumental drift in intensity. The spectrometer may be used for both single and double beam measurements,and the two operation modes are compared. The results show that the double beam technique eliminates instrumental drift in the single beam measurement and therefore the stability of the system increases by more than 20%. The compensation of the double beam system on water absorption is verified by the measurement of fat content in milk. The results show that the spectrum data based on double beam mode get better calibration model and lower prediction error than traditional single beam mode.

The Influence of Chinese Proficiency and Cultural Background on CFL Learners’Comprehension of Chinese Logogriphs

This study investigates how Chinese logogriphs are comprehended by learners of Chinese as a foreign language(CFL)with different Chinese proficiencies and cultural backgrounds.Eighty-eight CFL learners from four cultures(South Koreans,Southeast Asians,Western Caucasians and Arabs)were divided into two Chinese proficiency groups according to their HSK scores,and 15 L1 Chinese speakers also took part in the experiment as a control group.The participants were asked to write down how they interpreted Chinese logogriphs in questionnaires.An ANOVA analysis was conducted to examine the effects of Chinese proficiency and cultural background on logogriph comprehension.The results indicate that the accuracy of logogriph comprehension and the frequency of adopting logogriph-solving strategies positively correlated with the learners’Chinese proficiency,and that those with higher proficiency used more linguistic and cultural knowledge of the target language.As for cultural influence,Western Caucasians tended to think more visually than the other three cultural groups,and South Koreans and Southeast Asians were better at activating Chinese semantic knowledge.The closer the CFL learners’culture is to Chinese culture,the more similar strategies they adopted to those of L1 Chinese participants.Moreover,the participants’Chinese proficiency and cultural background show an interactive effect on their logogriph comprehension,with the former factor having a greater influence than the latter in this process.