Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people, Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water us...Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people, Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water use is one necessary component in water footprint. Water footprint is divided into green water footprint and blue water footprint but the former one is often ignored.In this paper waterJootprint includes blue water needed by agricultural irrigation, industrial and domestic water demand, and green water needed by crops, economic forests, livestock prochtcts, forestlalands and grasslands. The study calculates the footprint of the Jinghe River basin in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 with quarto methods. Results of research show that water footprints reached 164.1 ×10^8m3, 175. 69 ×10^8m3 and 178. 45 ×10^8m3 respectively in 1990, 1995 and 2000 including that of ecological water use, but reached 77.68×10^8m3, 94.24×10^8m3, 92.92×10^8m3 and 111.36 ×10^8m3 respectively excluding that of ecological water use. Green water.footprint is much more than blue water footprint; thereby, green water plays an important role in economic development and ecological construction The dynamic change of water footprints shows that blue water use increases rapidly and that the ecological water use is occupied by economie and domestic water use. The change also shows that water use is transferred from primary industry to secondary industry In primary industry, it is transferred from crops farming to forestry, and animal agriculture. The factors impelling the change include development anticipation on econonomy; government policies, readjustment of the industrial structure, population growth, the raise of urbanization level, and structurul change of consumption, low level of waler-saving and poor ability of waste water treatment.With blue water use per unit, green water use per unit, blue water use structure and green water use structure, we analyzed the difference of the six ecologieal function districts of the Jinghe River basin. Future ecological construction may influence on blue water use of District V and District Ⅵ at middle and lower reaches. At last some suggestions are given for effective water resouree use.展开更多
AIM To examine usefulness of virtual biopsy using endocytoscopy by comparing the in vivo endocytoscopic and histopathological images of gastric cancers.METHODS Endocytoscopy was performed in 30 patients with early gas...AIM To examine usefulness of virtual biopsy using endocytoscopy by comparing the in vivo endocytoscopic and histopathological images of gastric cancers.METHODS Endocytoscopy was performed in 30 patients with early gastric cancer. Of these, 26 patients showed well differentiated adenocarcinomas, while 4 patients showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas(including one signet ring cell carcinoma). Cancerous and non-cancerous areas were observed after double staining with 0.05% crystal violet and 0.1% methylene blue. The endocytoscopic images obtained were evaluated by an expert endoscopist and an expert pathologist without knowledge of patient clinical data, and endocytoscopic and histopathological diagnoses were compared.RESULTS The endocytoscopic images of the cancerous area were assessed as evaluable in 25(83.3%) and 27(90%) patients by endoscopist A and pathologist B, respectively, and those of the non-cancerous area as evaluable in 28(93.3%) and 23(76.7%) patients by the endoscopist and pathologist, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of gastric cancer diagnosis using evaluable endocytoscopic images were 88.0% and 92.9%, and 90.6% by endoscopist A, and 88.9% and 91.3%, and 90.0% by pathologist B, respectively. Evaluation of the diagnostic concordance rate between the endoscopist and the pathologist by inter-observer agreement calculation revealed no significant difference between the two observers. The inter-observer agreement(κ-value) for endocytoscopic diagnosis was 0.745. CONCLUSION Endocytoscopy is useful for the differentiation of cancerous from non-cancerous gastric mucosa, making it a promising tool for virtual biopsy.展开更多
This study explored the extraction process of indigo pigment from Baphicacanthus cusia using aqueous enzymatic method for the first time. Through single factor tests and orthogonal tests, this study investigated the e...This study explored the extraction process of indigo pigment from Baphicacanthus cusia using aqueous enzymatic method for the first time. Through single factor tests and orthogonal tests, this study investigated the effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, enzyme concentration, pH value, and solidliquid ratio on the extraction rate of indigo pigment. The results showed that the extraction rate of indigo reached the highest(0.218%) when the solid-liquid ratio was 1:20, enzyme concentration was 6 g/L, pH value was 5, extraction temperature was 50℃, and extraction time was 3 h. The method had greatly shortened the extraction time, simplified the extraction process, and improved the extraction efficiency while producing little pollution and meeting the green environmental protection requirements.展开更多
Novelthree-dimensionalstring and ball-like titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide, TiO_2/rGO(STG) composites were prepared using a one-step hydrolysis process followed by a low-temperature hydrothermaltreatment. The ...Novelthree-dimensionalstring and ball-like titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide, TiO_2/rGO(STG) composites were prepared using a one-step hydrolysis process followed by a low-temperature hydrothermaltreatment. The STG composites exhibited excellent photo-catalytic degradation performance for methylene blue owing to a good synergistic effect between TiO_2 and rGO. The STG composites with 1.0 wt% of rGO loading exhibited the highest removalrate of 86.0% for methylene blue and its reaction rate constant(5.27 × 10^(-3) min^(-1)) was much higher than those of pure string and ball-like TiO_2(ST). In addition, the STG composites also showed an outstanding capability for the photo-catalysis degradation of other cationic dyes. In addition, a possible photo-catalytic degradation mechanism for the STG composite was postulated, in which~?O_2^- and~·OH were the main oxidizing groups. This work of fers new insights into a better design and preparation of novelcomposite materials for the removalof organic dyes.展开更多
Cyanobacterial blooms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish eutrophic waters in India. The cyanotoxins produced by many bloom forming cyanobacteria severely affect the health of animals, fishes, birds and human beings....Cyanobacterial blooms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish eutrophic waters in India. The cyanotoxins produced by many bloom forming cyanobacteria severely affect the health of animals, fishes, birds and human beings. Different physical and chemical factors contribute towards bloom formation. Ten bloom forming cyanobacteria were isolated from natural blooms of northern India. The strains were purified and enriched in the laboratory. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of iron on growth, pigmentation and antioxidative activity of enzymes-catalase and ascorbate peroxidase of bloom forming cyanobacteria. Results show that different strains of bloom forming cyanobacteria attain optimum growth at varied concentration of iron. The cyanobacterial strains like Synechocystis aquatalis, Merismopedia glauca, Anabaena variabilis and Anabaena iyengarii exhibit maximum growth at low iron concentration （2 pM） while some species require higher concentration of iron for their optimum growth namely, Arthrospira platensis show optimum growth at 10uM, and Nostocpaludosum shows maximum growth at 100uM concentration of iron. It was also noticed that chlorophyll and phycobiliprotein content also varies with change in iron concentration. The activity of antioxidative enzymescatalase and ascorbate peroxidase was noticed in all ten cyanobacterial strains. In the light of the findings, it seems that Arthrospira platensis possess maximum catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity. Increment in concentration beyond optimum value leads to deterioration in the growth, pigment content and enzymatic activity of the cyanobacterial strains. Knowledge about the factors influencing growth of bloom forming cyanobacteria will help to work out ways for eradication of hazardous cyanobacterial blooms.展开更多
Black band disease （BBD）, characterized by the Cyanobacterial dominated pathogenic consortium, is thought to play a key role in the global decline of the coral reef ecosystems. The present paper originally documents...Black band disease （BBD）, characterized by the Cyanobacterial dominated pathogenic consortium, is thought to play a key role in the global decline of the coral reef ecosystems. The present paper originally documents a case of BBD from Yongxing Island （Xisha Islands, South China Sea）, and further probes the reasons of this abnormal phenomenon. Prior to 2007, corals at northern reef-flat of Yongxing Isand were in healthy growth. Catastrophic coral mortality occurred between 2007 and 2008. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplification, with universally conserved primers, were applied to detect the conta- gious bacterial community of the microbial mat. The results demonstrated that six bacterial divisions constituted the clone libraries derived from the BBD mat, and that Cyanobacteria are the most diversely represented group that inhabit BBD bacteri- al mats, despite the fact that species in five others divisions （a-Proteobacteria, y-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomi- crobia and Actinobacteria） are also consistently diverse within the BBD mats of diseased coral. Other factors such as coral bleaching, typhoons, ocean acidification and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, are not primarily responsible for the coral mortality within such a short time interval. The disaster expansion of BBD associated with Cyanobacterial blooms is a more likely mechanism impacting these coral reefs. Excessive human activity enhances the eutrophication of the marine water of the reefal region and may result in occurrence of the BBD.展开更多
文摘Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people, Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water use is one necessary component in water footprint. Water footprint is divided into green water footprint and blue water footprint but the former one is often ignored.In this paper waterJootprint includes blue water needed by agricultural irrigation, industrial and domestic water demand, and green water needed by crops, economic forests, livestock prochtcts, forestlalands and grasslands. The study calculates the footprint of the Jinghe River basin in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 with quarto methods. Results of research show that water footprints reached 164.1 ×10^8m3, 175. 69 ×10^8m3 and 178. 45 ×10^8m3 respectively in 1990, 1995 and 2000 including that of ecological water use, but reached 77.68×10^8m3, 94.24×10^8m3, 92.92×10^8m3 and 111.36 ×10^8m3 respectively excluding that of ecological water use. Green water.footprint is much more than blue water footprint; thereby, green water plays an important role in economic development and ecological construction The dynamic change of water footprints shows that blue water use increases rapidly and that the ecological water use is occupied by economie and domestic water use. The change also shows that water use is transferred from primary industry to secondary industry In primary industry, it is transferred from crops farming to forestry, and animal agriculture. The factors impelling the change include development anticipation on econonomy; government policies, readjustment of the industrial structure, population growth, the raise of urbanization level, and structurul change of consumption, low level of waler-saving and poor ability of waste water treatment.With blue water use per unit, green water use per unit, blue water use structure and green water use structure, we analyzed the difference of the six ecologieal function districts of the Jinghe River basin. Future ecological construction may influence on blue water use of District V and District Ⅵ at middle and lower reaches. At last some suggestions are given for effective water resouree use.
文摘AIM To examine usefulness of virtual biopsy using endocytoscopy by comparing the in vivo endocytoscopic and histopathological images of gastric cancers.METHODS Endocytoscopy was performed in 30 patients with early gastric cancer. Of these, 26 patients showed well differentiated adenocarcinomas, while 4 patients showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas(including one signet ring cell carcinoma). Cancerous and non-cancerous areas were observed after double staining with 0.05% crystal violet and 0.1% methylene blue. The endocytoscopic images obtained were evaluated by an expert endoscopist and an expert pathologist without knowledge of patient clinical data, and endocytoscopic and histopathological diagnoses were compared.RESULTS The endocytoscopic images of the cancerous area were assessed as evaluable in 25(83.3%) and 27(90%) patients by endoscopist A and pathologist B, respectively, and those of the non-cancerous area as evaluable in 28(93.3%) and 23(76.7%) patients by the endoscopist and pathologist, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of gastric cancer diagnosis using evaluable endocytoscopic images were 88.0% and 92.9%, and 90.6% by endoscopist A, and 88.9% and 91.3%, and 90.0% by pathologist B, respectively. Evaluation of the diagnostic concordance rate between the endoscopist and the pathologist by inter-observer agreement calculation revealed no significant difference between the two observers. The inter-observer agreement(κ-value) for endocytoscopic diagnosis was 0.745. CONCLUSION Endocytoscopy is useful for the differentiation of cancerous from non-cancerous gastric mucosa, making it a promising tool for virtual biopsy.
文摘This study explored the extraction process of indigo pigment from Baphicacanthus cusia using aqueous enzymatic method for the first time. Through single factor tests and orthogonal tests, this study investigated the effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, enzyme concentration, pH value, and solidliquid ratio on the extraction rate of indigo pigment. The results showed that the extraction rate of indigo reached the highest(0.218%) when the solid-liquid ratio was 1:20, enzyme concentration was 6 g/L, pH value was 5, extraction temperature was 50℃, and extraction time was 3 h. The method had greatly shortened the extraction time, simplified the extraction process, and improved the extraction efficiency while producing little pollution and meeting the green environmental protection requirements.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" Program, No. 2012AA063504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21276193, 215111300020, 201405008, and U1407116)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (No. 13JCZDJC35600)
文摘Novelthree-dimensionalstring and ball-like titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide, TiO_2/rGO(STG) composites were prepared using a one-step hydrolysis process followed by a low-temperature hydrothermaltreatment. The STG composites exhibited excellent photo-catalytic degradation performance for methylene blue owing to a good synergistic effect between TiO_2 and rGO. The STG composites with 1.0 wt% of rGO loading exhibited the highest removalrate of 86.0% for methylene blue and its reaction rate constant(5.27 × 10^(-3) min^(-1)) was much higher than those of pure string and ball-like TiO_2(ST). In addition, the STG composites also showed an outstanding capability for the photo-catalysis degradation of other cationic dyes. In addition, a possible photo-catalytic degradation mechanism for the STG composite was postulated, in which~?O_2^- and~·OH were the main oxidizing groups. This work of fers new insights into a better design and preparation of novelcomposite materials for the removalof organic dyes.
文摘Cyanobacterial blooms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish eutrophic waters in India. The cyanotoxins produced by many bloom forming cyanobacteria severely affect the health of animals, fishes, birds and human beings. Different physical and chemical factors contribute towards bloom formation. Ten bloom forming cyanobacteria were isolated from natural blooms of northern India. The strains were purified and enriched in the laboratory. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of iron on growth, pigmentation and antioxidative activity of enzymes-catalase and ascorbate peroxidase of bloom forming cyanobacteria. Results show that different strains of bloom forming cyanobacteria attain optimum growth at varied concentration of iron. The cyanobacterial strains like Synechocystis aquatalis, Merismopedia glauca, Anabaena variabilis and Anabaena iyengarii exhibit maximum growth at low iron concentration （2 pM） while some species require higher concentration of iron for their optimum growth namely, Arthrospira platensis show optimum growth at 10uM, and Nostocpaludosum shows maximum growth at 100uM concentration of iron. It was also noticed that chlorophyll and phycobiliprotein content also varies with change in iron concentration. The activity of antioxidative enzymescatalase and ascorbate peroxidase was noticed in all ten cyanobacterial strains. In the light of the findings, it seems that Arthrospira platensis possess maximum catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity. Increment in concentration beyond optimum value leads to deterioration in the growth, pigment content and enzymatic activity of the cyanobacterial strains. Knowledge about the factors influencing growth of bloom forming cyanobacteria will help to work out ways for eradication of hazardous cyanobacterial blooms.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40976030&41006029)Project of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC(Grant No.41210104029)Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.SQ201114)
文摘Black band disease （BBD）, characterized by the Cyanobacterial dominated pathogenic consortium, is thought to play a key role in the global decline of the coral reef ecosystems. The present paper originally documents a case of BBD from Yongxing Island （Xisha Islands, South China Sea）, and further probes the reasons of this abnormal phenomenon. Prior to 2007, corals at northern reef-flat of Yongxing Isand were in healthy growth. Catastrophic coral mortality occurred between 2007 and 2008. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplification, with universally conserved primers, were applied to detect the conta- gious bacterial community of the microbial mat. The results demonstrated that six bacterial divisions constituted the clone libraries derived from the BBD mat, and that Cyanobacteria are the most diversely represented group that inhabit BBD bacteri- al mats, despite the fact that species in five others divisions （a-Proteobacteria, y-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomi- crobia and Actinobacteria） are also consistently diverse within the BBD mats of diseased coral. Other factors such as coral bleaching, typhoons, ocean acidification and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, are not primarily responsible for the coral mortality within such a short time interval. The disaster expansion of BBD associated with Cyanobacterial blooms is a more likely mechanism impacting these coral reefs. Excessive human activity enhances the eutrophication of the marine water of the reefal region and may result in occurrence of the BBD.
